|
Military Handbooks And
Standards Plus NASA and Nuclear Regulatory
Commission Documents Pertaining To Reliability And Life Cycle Cost |
Military Handbooks and Standards
along with NASA and Nuclear Regulatory Commission documents pertaining to
reliability issues are here for quick search and download as PDF files. Brief
summaries of each document are provided.
You can also see a terse
list of the files for download.
Military
Standards (MIL-STD) are generally imposed requirements and give details
on what to do.
Military
Handbooks (MIL-HDBK) are generally how to do documents intended to
standardize and educate.
Military/Government (AD)
are archive direction numbers for technical documents which can (theoretically) be retrieved from the
National Technical Information Service NTIS.
Easy access to important reliability documents is a service to the reliability
community by Barringer & Associates,
Inc. If you have other reliability and life cycle cost
documents you feel should be included, send an Email notice with their URL’s to
Paul
Barringer. Additional MIL-HDBK,
MIL-STD, and Defense/Federal specification documents are available from ASSIST Quick Search.
AD-A050837 A
Redundancy Notebook, December 1997.
68 Pages. RADC-TR-77-287
The objective of the report is
to present in a coherent fashion the information and tools necessary for the
evaluation of most types of redundancy design configurations with which a
reliability engineer is faced. The
report contains a number of alternative evaluation approaches, both classical
and unique. Closed form results and
algorithms are derived for the evaluation of the reliability of various types
of redundant configurations.
AD-A053406 Storage Reliability Of Missile Material
Program, February 1978. 66 Pages.
Also identified as LC-78-2
This report summarizes
analyses on the non-operating reliability of missile ordnance devices. The objective of the program is the
development of non-operating (storage) reliability prediction and assurance
techniques for missile materiel.
Included are analyses of solid propellant rocket motors, gas generators,
igniters, safe and arm devices, and other explosive devices. Reliability models are developed for each
component type.
AD-A066579
Reliability-Centered Maintenance, December
1978. 520 Pages. 25 Meg file.
This is also known as the F.
Stanley Nowlan and Howard F. Heap RCM report, or just the Nowlan & Heap
report.
This book explains basic
concepts, principles, definitions, and applications of a logical discipline for
development of efficient schedule (preventive) maintenance programs for complex
equipment, and the on-going management of such programs. Such programs are called reliability-centered
maintenance (RCM) programs because they are centered on achieving the inherent
safety and reliability capabilities of equipment at a minimum costs. A U.S. Department of Defense objective in
sponsoring preparation of this document was that it serves as a guide for
application to a wide range of different types of military equipment.
There are essentially only
four types of tasks in a scheduled maintenance program. Mechanics can be asked to:
1.
Inspect
an item to detect a potential failure mode.
2.
Rework
an item before a maximum permissible age is exceeded.
3.
Discard
an item before a maximum permissible age is exceeded.
4.
Inspect
an item to find failures that have already occurred but were not evident to the
equipment operating crew
A
central problem addressed in this book is how to determine which types of scheduled
maintenance tasks, if any, should be applied to an item and how frequently
assigned tasks should be accomplished.
The use of a decision diagram as an aid in this analysis is illustrated. The net result is a structured, systematic
blend of experience, judgment, and operational data/information to identify and
analyze which type of maintenance task is both applicable and effective for
each significant item as it relates to a particular type of equipment. A concluding chapter emphasizes the key importance
of having a mutually supportive partnership between the personnel responsible
for equipment design and the personnel responsible for equipment maintenance if
maximum RCM results are to be achieved.
Appendices
are included as follows:
1.
Procedures
for auditing the development and implementation of an RCM program.
2.
A
historical review of equipment maintenance evolution.
3.
Techniques
of performing actuarial analyses.
4.
An annotated bibliography.
The Nowlan &
Heap report, slightly modified, is available as bound paperback from the
book shop from MRO-Zone
Book Shop.
AMSAA-TR-652 AMSAA
Reliability Growth Guide, September
2000, Pages 205
Reliability
growth is the improvement in a reliability parameter over a period of time due
to changes in product design or the manufacturing process. It occurs by surfacing failure modes and
implementing effective corrective actions.
Reliability growth management is the systematic planning for reliability
achievement as a function of time and other resources, and controlling the
ongoing rate of achievement by reallocation of these resources based on
comparisons between planned and assessed reliability values. To help manage these reliability activities
throughout the development life cycle, AMSAA has developed reliability growth
methodology for all phases of the process, from planning to tracking to
projection. The report presents this methodology
and associated reliability growth concepts.
[The
technique is also referenced in the literature as reliability growth plots,
Crow-AMSAA plots, Crow AMSAA plots, CA plots, C-A plots, C/A plots, Duane
Plots, etc. See the November 2002 Problem of the
Month.]
Because
of the file sizes, the report is downloadable in sections:
Cover
pages through Section 1-Introduction: Pages Cover-24 (1.6 Meg)
Section
2-Reliabilty Growth Planning: Pages 18-47 (2.1 Meg)
Section
3-Reliability Growth Tracking: Pages 48-86 (2.2 Meg)
Section
4-Reliability Growth Projection: Pages 87-133 (2.5 Meg)
Appendix
A-Background: Pages A1-A5 (0.3 Meg)
Appendix
B-Tables For Section 2: Pages B1-B43 (3.2 Meg)
Appendix
C-Derivations For Section 2: Pages C1-C8 (0.2 Meg)
Appendix
D-Derivations For Section 4: Pages D1-D12 (0.4 Meg)
Appendix
E-Distribution List: Pages E1-D3 (0.1 Meg)
AMSAA-TR-736 Development Of A Mathematical Tool For Implementation Of Prognostics Based On Life History, October 2003, 100 pages.
In order to increase mission reliability and reduce the logistics footprint, considerable interest is now being focused on the implementation of prognostics. One approach to prognostics is to track usage in terms of mile, hours or cycles, and generate replacement-before-failure rules for components subject to aging whenever the system is preparing to enter a period during which failures must be zealously avoided (e.g., deployments or combat pulses). This report documents the development and notional application of a new tool that implements this approach. The tool, which is an extension of Mathematica, generates graphs and tables for a variety of metrics that one could use in an interactive decision-making process. Mathematica is a leading commercial software package for performing mathematics. Key chapters in this report constitute a basic set of electronic templates for applying the new tool. The tool itself is provided in the appendices.
AMSAA-TR-2006-4 Development
Of A Mathematical Tool For Implementation Of A Prognosistics Decision-Making
Process Based On Component Life History, March 2006, 134 pages. The key benefit of prognostics is that it
can be used to reduce failure risks during deployments and missions when
failure is particularly disadvantageous and maintenance inconvenient due to the
reduced logistics footprint. One
approach to prognostics is to monitor usage in conjunction with an aging model
thereby keeping track of remaining component lifetime. This enables one to track usage with on-board
sensors and embed an algorithm in on-system logistics software that will
automatically generate maintenance alerts and recommendations so that a covered
component can likely be replaced before failure as its remaining lifetime
decreases and failure risk increases. An
additional benefit of usage-based prognostics is that it can also be used to identify
an optimum replacement age that minimizes life cycle costs for components that
age, provided the costs of in-service failure are greater than planned
replacement which is often the case.
This report documents the development and application of a collection of
functions written in Mathematica that can be used to
implement usage-based prognostics using life distributions for components that
become less reliable with usage.
DoD
Directive 50001.1 directs the
acquisition details for Department of Defense Programs (which drives life cycle
cost and RAM models). DoD Directive 5000.2
directs the management principles. DoD Directive
5025.1-M directs procedures for managing all acquisition programs. For other RAM details see below.
DoD
RAM Guide For Achieving Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability, 3 August 2005, 266 pages, 4.17 MB
This Guide supports the DoD’s
fundamental principles ond procedures as documented in DoD Directive 5000.1 and
DoD Instruction 5000.2 to acquire quality products that satisfy user needs with
measurable improvements to mission capability and operational support in a
timely manner, and at a fair and reasonable price. This guide supports that objective by focusing
on the four key steps necessary for building systems with the required levels
of RAM:
1. Understand and document user needs and
constraints,
2. Design and redesign for RAM
3. Produce reliable and maintainable systems,
and
4. Monitor field experience and sustain RAM
performance
Chapter 1 introduces RAM, what it is, why it is important, current RAM problems
in the DoD, and activities appropriate to achieving satisfactory levels. It concludes with a guide for senior
management. Chapter 2 provides an
overview of the four-step model for achieving RAM, Chapter 3 focuses on Step 1
including RAM metrics, Joint capabilities integration and development, and
pre-acquisition activities. Chapter 4
focuses on Step 2 and scopes successful approaches for designing-in reliability
and maintainability. Chapter 5 focuses
on Step 3 and expands this discussion through the testing, production and
fielding of capabilities. Chapter 6
focuses on Step 4 and addresses methods for sustaining RAM through the
operational life and providing lessons learned for the following generation of
capabilities. Throughout the document,
the guide also highlights the integration of RAM activities with the defense
acquisition management framework, the joint capabilities integration and
development system, and the systems engineering technical reviews.
DOD3235.1H Test & Evaluation of System Reliability, Availability, and
Maintainability—A Primer , March 1982.
287 Pages.
The purpose
of this primer is to provide instruction in the analytical assessment of system
reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM) performance. This text presents concepts and techniques
for designing test plans which can verify that previously established system
suitability requirements have been achieved.
Test resource availability may be adversely affected by cost, schedule
and operational urgency constraints. In
such cases, alternate test plans which represent the most meaningful, timely
and cost effective approach, consistent with these constraints, must be
develop. It is essential that all
participants understand the critical issues being addressed and the acquisition
risks inherent in conducting a limited test program. The design and execution of sound test
programs is no accident. It requires
numerous hours of research and planning and a thorough understanding of testing
techniques, the test system and its operating scenario. Further, the test results must support the
development of realistic performance estimates for the entire production run,
after having tested relatively few systems.
Herein lies the usefulness of the statistical concepts contained in this
text. Topics addressed in this text will
familiarize the reader with the statistical concepts relevant to test design
and performance assessment. In short,
these topics, when combined with common sense and technical expertise formulate
the basis of all sound test programs.
DOD-HDBK-791 Maintainability Design Techniques, March 1988. 232 Pages
The
purpose of this handbook is to provide Army design engineers with guidelines to
assist them in incorporating maintainability into
Army materiel early in research and development. Information collected from maintenance
records provides practical examples—good and bad—that illustrate the design
principles that result in maximum maintainability. The designer can use these principles to
build maintainability into materiel and thereby contribute substantially to
solving the Army’s maintenance problem.
Chapter
1 is an introduction to the principle of maintainability, its importance, and
methods of achieving it. The following
10 chapters refer to simplification, standardization and interchangeability,
accessibility, modularization, identification and labeling, testability and
diagnostics techniques, prevention maintenance, human factors, and
environmental factors—describe in detail their role in achieving the maintainability
principles.
Data
includes ergonomic details.
DOE-NE-STD-1004-92 Root Cause Analysis Guidance Document, February 1992. 69 Pages.
DOE Order
5000.3A, “Occurrence Reporting and Processing of Operations Information,”
requires the investigation and reporting of occurrences (including the
performance of root cause analysis [RCA]) and the selection, implementation,
and follow-up of corrective actions. The
level of effort expended should be based on the significance attached to the
occurrence. Most off-normal occurrences
need only a scaled-down effort while most emergency occurrences should be
investigated using one or more of the formal analytical models. A discussion of methodologies, instructions,
and worksheets in this document guides the analysis of occurrences as specified
by DOE Order 5000.3A.
DOD-STD-1686 concerning electrostatic
discharge see DOD-HDBK-263 and MIL-STD-1686 which is described below.
DOD-STD-1701(NS) Hardware Diagnostic Test System
Requirements, June 1985, Pages 11 (This is NOT an
authentic copy)
This
document establishes the general procedures, terms and conditions governing the
preparation and completion of a hardware diagnostic test system (HDTS). The purpose of this Standard is to establish
the development criteria for the preparation and completion of the hardware
diagnostic test system for systems, subsystems, and equipments.
DOD-STD-2167A Defense System Software Development, February 1988, Pages 49
This
standard establishes uniform requirements for software development that are
applicable throughout the system life cycle.
The requirements of this standard provide the basis for Government
insight into a contractor’s software development, testing and evaluation
efforts.
This
standard is not intended to specify or discourage the use of any particular
software development method. The
contractor is responsible for selecting software development methods (for
example, rapid prototyping) that best support the achievement of contract
requirements.
This
standard, together with the other DOD and military documents referenced in
Section 2, provides the means for establishing, evaluating, and maintaining
quality in software and associated documentation.
Data
Item Descriptions (DIDs) applicable to this standard are listed in Section
6. These DIDs describe a set of
documents for recording the information required by this standard. Production of deliverable data using
automated techniques is encouraged.
Per
DODD 5000.43, Acquisition Streamlining, this standard must be appropriately
tailored by the program manager to ensur that only cost-effective requirements
are cited in defense solicitations and contracts. Tailoring guidance can be found in
DOD-HDBK-248, Guide for Applicable and Tailoring of Requirements for Defense
Material Acquisitions.
The
predecessor document
is available. Also available is the cancellation
document. The referenced document MIL-STD-498 is
also available below along with the cancellation
document.
DOD-STD-2168
Software Quality Program, 29 April 1988, 15 pages,
supersedes MIL-S-52779.
This standard contains
requirements for the development, documentation, and implementation of a
software quality program. This program includes
planning for and conducting evaluations of the quality of software, associated
documentation, and related activities, and planning for and conducting the
follow-up activities necessary to assure timely and effective resolution of
problems.
DOD-SEFGuide,
System Engineering Fundamentals, January 2001,
222 pages.
This
book provides a basic, conceptual-level description of engineering management
disciplines that relate to the development and life cycle management of a
system. For the non-engineer it provides
an overview of how a system is developed.
For the engineer and project manager it provides a basic framework for
planning and assessing system development.
The book is divided into four parts: Introduction; Systems Engineering
Process; Systems Analysis and Control; and Planning, Organizing, and Managing.
DOE-STD-113499 Review Guide For Criticality Safety Evaluations, September 1999. 23
Pages.
This
Department of Energy Standard is approved for use by all DOE criticality safety
personnel. It contains guidelines that
should be followed when reviewing Criticality Safety Evaluations that were
developed by DOE Contractors to demonstrate the safety of fissile materials
handling at DOE Non-Reactor Nuclear Facilities.
Adherence to these guidelines will enhance consistency and uniformity of
review of Criticality Safety Evaluations across the DOE complex and compliance
with either DOE Order 5480.24 or DOW Order 420.1 requirements.
MIL-HDBK-5 Metallic Materials And Elements For Aerospace Vehicle Structures,
Rev MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 December 1988. 1653
pages (37 Meg PDF file size!)
[Metallic
Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) prepared by
Battelle makes MIL-HDBK-5 obsolete and MMPDS-03 is the current version
available in 6 volumes for US$599 for hard copy or US$499 for downloads—please
note MMPDS-03 is covered under US Copyright—see http://mmpds.org
for further information.]
MIL-HDBK-5H
is intended primarily as a source of design allowables, which are those
strength properties of metallic materials and elements (primarily fasteners)
that are widely used in the design of aerospace structures. These metallic materials include all systems
potentially useful in aerospace and aircraft applications, including those
involving reinforcing components. This
document also contains information and data for other properties and
characteristics, such as fracture toughness strength, fatigue strength, creep
strength, rupture strength, fatigue-crack propagation rate, and resistance to
stress corrosion cracking. The use of
this type of information is not mandatory.
In
addition to the properties of the materials and elements themselves, there are
some of the more commonly used methods and formulas by which the strengths of
various structural elements or components are calculated. In some cases, the methods presented are
empirical and subject to further refinements.
MIL-HDBK-61 Configuration Management
Guidance, Rev A, 7 February 2001.
221 pages (1.4 Meg PDF file size)
This
handbook provides guidance to DoD managers assigned the responsibility for
configuration management on how to ensure the application of product and data
configuration management to defense materiel items, in each phase of their life
cycle. Acquisition practices, including
the manner in which CM is specified in a contract, and the process of
monitoring contractor application are evolving as the result of two interacting
transistions.
MIL-HDBK-103 Lists Of Standard Microcircuit Drawings, March 2008, 861 pages
The
Standard Microcircuit Drawing Program (SMDP) is directly under the auspices of
the DoD Parts Management Program (PMP).
The PMP is implemented by MIL-HDBK-512,
“Parts Management.”
MIL-HDBK-108 Sampling Procedures And Tables For Life And Reliability Testing (Base
on Exponential Distribution), April 1960. 78 Pages (6 Meg PDF file size)
Also referred to as H-108)
This
handbook has been prepared to meet a growing need for the use of standard
sampling procedures and tables for life and reliability testing in Government
procurement, supply, and maintenance quality control operations as well as in
research and development activities where applicable.
A
characteristic feature of most life tests is that the observations are ordered
in time to failure. If, for example, 20
radio tubes are placed on life test, an t1 denotes the time where
the ith tube fails, the data occur in such a way that t1≤t2≤…≤ t20. The same kind of ordered observations will
occur whether the problem under consideration deals with the life of electric
bulbs, the life of electronic components, the life of all bearings, or the
length of life of human beings after they are treated for a disease. The examples just given all involved ordering
in time.
In
destructive testing involving such situations as the current needed to blow a
fuse, the voltage needed to break down a condenser, the force needed to rupture
a physical material, the test can often be arranged in such a way that every
item in the sample is subjected to precisely the same stimulus (current,
voltage, stress). If this is done, then
clearly the weakest item will be observed to fail first, the second weakest
next, etc. While the random variable
considered mostly in this handbook is time to failure, it should be emphasized,
however, that the methodology provided herein can be adapted to the testing
situations mentioned above where the random variable is current, voltage,
stress, etc.
MIL-HDBK-109 Statistical Procedures For Determining
Validity Of Suppliers’ Attributes Inspection,
6 May 1960.
42 pages. (2.8 meg PDF file size)
Also referred to as H-109.
The
purpose of this handbook is to provide appropriate statistical tests and tables
of critical values to Department of Defense procurement inspection and quality
control activities for use in determining the validity of suppliers’ inspection
records when sampling inspection by attributes is specified. Such records serve to assure the consumer
that only supplies conforming with technical requirements are being offered for
acceptance.
Also
see ANSI/ASQ
Z1.4-2003: Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes.
MIL-HDBK-189 Reliability Growth Management, February 1981. 155
Pages. (5.2 Meg PDF file size)
This handbook
provides procuring activities and development contractors with an understanding
of the concepts and principles of reliability growth, advantages of managing
reliability growth, and guidelines and procedures to be used in managing
reliability growth. It should be noted
that this handbook is not intended to serve as a reliability growth plan to be
applied to a program without any tailoring.
This handbook, when used in conjunction with knowledge of the system and
its development program, will allow the development of a reliability growth
management plan that will aid in developing a final system that meets its
requirements and lowers the life cycle cost of the fielded systems. [This
document describes the Duane method of reliability growth and becomes the Duane
AMSAA methodology which today is described as the Crow-AMSAA reliability growth
model.]
MIL-HDBK-217F Reliability Prediction Of Electronic
Equipment, January 1990. 205 Pages. (15.3 Meg PDF
file size)
The
purpose of this handbook is to
establish and maintain consistent and uniform methods for estimating the
inherent reliability (i.e., the reliability of a mature design) of military
electronic equipment and systems. It
provides a common basis for reliability predictions during acquisition programs
for military electronic systems and equipment.
It also establishes a common basis for comparing and evaluating
reliability predictions of related or competitive designs. The handbook is intended to be used as a tool
to increase the reliability of the equipment being designed.
The application of this handbook contains two methods of reliability
prediction – “Part Stress Analysis” in Sections 5 through 23 and “Parts Count”
in Appendix A. These methods vary in
degree of information needed to apply them.
The
MIL-HBK-251 Reliability/Design
Thermal Applications, January 1978, 697 Pages. (54 Meg file size!)
This
handbook has been prepared specifically to guide engineers in the thermal
design of electronic equipment with improved reliability. The primary purposes are: to permit engineers
and designers, who are not heat transfer experts, to design electronic equipment
with adequate thermal performance with a minimum of effort; to assist heat transfer experts, who are not
electronic experts; to aid designers in better understanding the thermal
selection of Department of Defense specification and standards for equipment;
and to assist Navy personnel in evaluating thermal design during the various
stages of equipment procurement and development.
This
handbook recommends and presents electronic parts stress analysis methods which
lead to the selection of maximum safe temperatures for parts so that the
ensuing thermal design is consistent with the required equipment
reliability. These maximum parts
temperatures must be properly selected since they are the goals of the thermal
design, a fact with is often overlooked.
Many thermal designs are inadequate because improper maximum parts
temperatures were selected as design goals.
Consequently, the necessary parts stress analysis procedures have been
emphasized.
MIL-HDBK-259 Life Cycle Cost In Navy Acquisitions, April
1983. 71
Pages. (3.4 Meg file size)
This handbook provides basic
information on life cycle cost analysis as a management tool for controlling
and reducing total costs. The emphasis
is on what the life cycle cost techniques are rather than on how to implement
them. The intent is to furnish an
overview of the points to address and the procedures to use when performing
life cycle cost analysis so that the analyst, wheatear government or contractor,
will be better able to conform to the acquisition manger’s objectives. Without going into great depth, those issues
of most interest to the beginner are discussed, thus making this handbook
particularly used as an initial step in learning about and understand life
cycle cost in Navy acquisitions. These
issues are:
a. what is life cycle cost
b. what are the objectives and requirements of
life cycle cost
c.
what costs are relevant and significant
d.
what are the analysis procedures
e.
what data sources and estimating techniques
should be used
f.
when and how to choose or develop a
computerized model
Experience has show that these are the most
pressing questions for those who are undertaking their first life cycle costing
effort, and a document which addresses these questions can, in some measure,
help to instill a cost management discipline which will result in more
efficient cost reduction and cost control efforts in Navy acquisitions.
MIL-HDBK-263B Electrostatic Discharge Control Handbook For Protection Of Electrical
And Electronic Parts, Assemblies and Equipment (Excluding Electrically
Initiated Explosive Devices), July 1994.
171 Pages. (15.1Meg PDF file
size)
This
handbook provides guidance, not mandatory requirements, for the establishment
and implementation of an Electrostatic Discharge (EDS) Control Program in
accordance with the requirements of MIL-STD-1686. This document is applicable to the protection
of electrical and electronic parts, assemblies and equipment from damage due to
ESD. It does not provide information for
the protection of electrically initiated explosive devices.
Various
segments of industry are aware of the damage static electricity can impose on
metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) parts.
The sensitivity of other parts to electrostatic discharge damage has
also become evident through use, testing, and failure analysis. Trends in technology utilizing new materials,
processes and design techniques, including increased packaging densities result
in some parts being more susceptible to ESD.
Electrical
and electronic parts which have been determined to be ESD sensitive (ESDS)
include: microelectronic discrete and integrated semiconductor devices; thick
and thin film resistors, chips and hybrid devices; and piezoelectric
crystals. Subassemblies, assemblies and
equipment containing these parts are also ESDS.
Materials
which are prime generators of electrostatic voltages include, but are not
limited to, common plastics such as polyethylene, vinyls, foam, polyurethane,
synthetic textiles, fiberglass, glass, rubber, and other commonly used
materials. Damaging electrostatic
voltage levels are commonly generated by contact and subsequent separation of
these materials by industrial processes and personnel movement.
MIL-HDBK-274 Electrical Grounding For Aircraft Safety, 1 November 1983 with change notices for 29 June 1990. 363 pages.
(14.4 Meg PDF file size)
The
purpose of this handbook is to provide aircraft maintenance personnel with the
information required for electrical safety grounding of each type of
operational aircraft in the U.S. Navy inventory. In addition, this handbook provides
background information pertaining to the operational concerns for aircraft
grounding, static electricity theory and how it affects aircraft, and
techniques used for measurement of grounding points.
MIL-HDBK-276-1 Life Cycle Cost Model For Defense Materiel
Systems Data Collection Workbook, February 1984. 407 Pages.
(29.5 Meg PDF file size)
This handbook describes the elements
to be considered in determining the life cycle cost of a materiel system. These cost elements and cost factors form the
input and output structure of the Life Cycle Cost Model for Defense Materiel
Systems. The handbook is meant to be a
workbook for determining life cycle costs.
Normally, a subset of the cost structure contained in this handbook and
the Model will be prescribed for any given procurement. The emphasis is on what costs should be
considered in developing life cycle cost estimates for controlling and reducing
total costs. The handbook and the Model
are specifically designed to give the analyst and the program manger complete
control over the subset of the Model’s cost elements which is applicable to the
system being costed and to select the most appropriate cost estimating
methodology for each cost element.
MIL-HDBK-286 A
Guide for DOD-STD-2168 Defense System Software Quality Program, December
1990. 66 pages.
This handbook describes the
intent of DOD-STD-2168’s requirements, interprets those requirements, and
provides recommendations for applying the standard on a software acquisition or
support contract. See DOD-STD-2168
above and MIL-HDBK-287
below.
MIL-HDBK-287
A Tailoring Guide for
DOD-STD-2167A, Defense System Software Development, August 1989, 210 Pages.
This handbook provides guidance to
Government program managers and other program office staff responsible for
tailoring DOD-STD-2167A
for a software development or support contract.
It explains key concepts of DOD-STD-2167A, presents tailoring
considerations for DOD-STD-2167A, and describes how to tailor the standard and
its associated Data Item Descriptions.
MIL-HDBK-338 Electronic Reliability Design Handbook, October 1998. 1042 Pages.
This
Handbook provides procuring activities and development contractors with an
understanding of the concepts, principles, and methodologies covering all
aspects of electronic systems reliability engineering and cost analysis as they
relate to the design, acquisition, and deployment of DoD
equipment/systems. The sections include:
|
Reference Documents Definitions General Statements Reliability/Maintainability/Availability Theory Reliability Specification, Allocation and
Prediction |
Reliability Data Collection and Analysis, Software Reliability Systems Reliability Engineering Production and Use (Deployment) R&M R&M Management Considerations |
Special
details are described on pages:
·
Pages 987-1042 Section 12: describes reliability management
considerations
·
Page 988
describes performance-based specifications for reliability
·
Page 991
describes 10 reliability program management issues from customer and
supplier perspectives
·
Page 993
describes a template for reliability program elements
·
Page 1003 describes a checklist for
reliability program elements
·
Page 1005 describes how reliability
activities are phased into projects
·
Page 1006 describes how reliability
activities by life cycle cost phases
·
Page 1012 describes the relationship
between reliability and risk reduction with trade-off studies
·
Page 1018 describes software reliability
·
Page 1028 shows a graph with 70-95% of
electronic equipment costs determined by the time equipment is specified on the
bill of materials and accepted by the design review and a graph showing expenditures
incurred during the life cycle.
·
Page 1031 describes life cycle cost
concepts and activities performed during the different phases of
concept/definition/development/production
·
Page 1032 describes types of product
performance agreements
MIL-HDBK-344A Environmental Stress Screening (ESS) Of Electronic Equipment, August
1993 102 Pages.
This
Handbook provides uniform procedures, methods and techniques for planning,
monitoring and controlling the cost effectiveness of ESS programs for
electronic equipment. It is intended to
support the requirements of MIL-STD-785,
Task 301, “Environmental Stress Screening” and/or MIL-STD-781,
Task 401, “Environmental Stress Screening: and to implement Air Force R &M
2000 ESS recommendations and guidelines.
The
Handbook is intended for use by procuring activities and contractors during
development and production. It is not
intended that the Handbook procedures and techniques be used in a cookbook
fashion. Knowledge of the equipment and
the manufacturing process is essential for a properly planned and tailored ESS
program. The data base needed for a
systematic approach to ESS application is not fully developed. Use of the Handbook by Government procuring
agencies and equipment manufacturers will foster the development of an improved
and broader data base.
A
properly applied ESS program can significantly impact the quality and
reliability of electronic products delivered to the Government. ESS is interrelated with the requirements set
forth in MIL-Q-9858, MIL-STD-785, MIL-STD-781,
and MIL-HDBK-781. Quality Control is a manufacturing function
and Reliability Engineering is a design function. Although the Quality and Reliability
disciplines are related, in practice, they are conducted as separate programs
without common objectives. The Handbook
uses the ESS program as a means for integrating Quality Control and Reliability
Engineering tasks so as to assure achievement of reliability objectives during
manufacture. Supporting software is
available from Rome Laboratory that fully automates the details manual procedures
contained herein.
MIL-HDBK-454 General Guidelines For Electronic Equipment, 15 April 2007. 208 Pages.
This document was formerly MIL-STD-454.
This
handbook is the technical baseline for the design and construction of
electronic equipment for the Department of Defense. It captures in one document, under suitable
subject heading, fundamental design guidelines for multiple general electronic
specifications. The opportunity to focus
on a single document, afforded to contractors, results in substantial savings
to the Government.
This
handbook provides guidance and lessons learned in the selection of
documentation for the design of electronic equipment. This hand book is for guidance only. The handbook cannot be cited as a
requirement. If it is, the contractor
does not have to comply.
Also
see MIL-HDBK-5400.
MIL-HDBK-470A Designing And Developing Maintainable Products And Systems, Volume 1
& Volume 2, August 1997. 716
Pages. This was previously known as
MIL-STD-470.
This
handbook is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department
of Defense (DoD). It was developed by
the DoD with the assistance of the military departments, federal agencies, and
industry and replaces in their entirety MIL-HDBK-470 and MIL-HDBK-471 (both
formerly military standards). The
handbook provides guidance to maintainability managers and engineers in
developing and implementing a sound maintainability program for all types of
products.
This
handbook is for guidance only. This
handbook cannot be cited as a requirement.
If it is, the contractor does not have to comply.
Maintainability
is a discipline that has become more important over the past 30 years as
military systems became more complex, support costs increased, and defense
budgets decreased. It is also important
in the commercial sector, where high levels of maintainability are increasingly
becoming an important factor in gaining customer loyalty. In fact, American products that once were
shunned in favor of foreign alternatives recently have made or are making a
comeback. This shift in consumer
preferences has been directly attributed to significant improvements in the
quality of the American products, a quality that includes good maintainability.
MIL-HDBK-472 Maintainability Prediction, May 1966 +
change notice 1 from 12 Jan 1984. 176 +
122 = 298 Pages.
The
purpose of the Maintainability Prediction Handbook is to familiarize project
managers and design engineers with current maintainability prediction
procedures. To achieve this objective,
particular care has been exercised in selecting and including only those
procedures which are currently used in predicting the maintainability of
equipment and systems. The highlights of
each maintainability prediction procedure are presented in a clear, lucid and
intelligible manner and include useful supplementary information applicable to
specific procedures.
The
prediction of the expected number of hours that a system or device will be in
an inoperative or “down state” while it is undergoing maintenance is of vital
importance to the user because of the adverse effect that excessive downtime
has on mission success. Therefore, one
the operational requirements of a system are fixed, it is imperative that a technique
be utilized to predict its maintainability in quantitative terms as early as
possible during the design phase. This
prediction should be updated continuously as the design progresses to assure a
high probability of compliance with specified requirements.
A
significant advantage of using a maintainability prediction procedure is that
it highlights for the designer, those areas of poor maintainability which
justify product improvement, modification, or a change of design. Another useful feature of maintainability
prediction is that it permits the user to make an early assessment of whether
the predicted downtime, the quality, quantity of personnel, tools and test
equipment are adequate and consistent with the needs of system operational
requirements.
MIL-HDBK-502 Acquisition Logistics, May 1997.
139 Pages.
The
Department of Defense is focusing on total cost of ownership throughout the
life cycle. Achieving affordable support
depends upon effective acquisition logistics management and planning.
This
handbook offers guidance on acquisition logistics as an integral part of the
systems engineering process. The
information contained herein is applicable, in part or in whole, to all types
of materiel and automated information systems and all acquisition
strategies. However, this handbook does
not present a “cookbook” approach to acquisition logistics—such an approach
would not accommodate the vast, widely varying array of potential materiel
acquisitions. It does offer examples and
points to consider to help you shape your overall thought process. It addresses:
·
How systems engineering fits into the
acquisition process
·
Supportability analyses as part of the
systems engineering process
·
How to develop supportability requirements
·
The acquisition and generation of support
data
·
Logistics considerations for contracts.
·
The logisticians role on integrated product
teams.
MIL-HDBK-512 Parts Management, October 2000. 13 Pages.
This handbook
provides guidance for implementing an effective Parts Management Program (PMP)
on Department of Defense (DoD), industry and commercial acquisitions. The guidance in this document supports
acquisition strategies and systems engineering practices of DoD 5000.2-R. This document provides performance-based
parts management process guidance which is intended to be adapted to individual
program needs and which provides appropriate latitude for innovative approaches
and design solutions by the contractors.
The objectives of a PMP are to reduce total cost of ownership and
increase logistics readiness, and are achieved through:
·
Promoting interoperability.
·
Enhancing the interchangeability,
reliability, and availability of parts
·
Minimizing diminishing source impacts and
parts obsolescence.
·
Assisting in meeting end item performance.
·
Assisting with parts selection and
qualification procedures.
·
Becoming compatible with the business
environment and trends.
·
Minimizing the proliferation of parts and
drawings through standardization.
MIL-HDBK-695 Rubber Products: Recommended Shelf Life, 23 May 2005, Rev. D, 45 Pages.
(2 Meg PDF file size)
This
handbook establishes guidelines for time periods for the expected life of
elastomeric products during shelf storage.
The use of the expected shelf storage lives listed herein is NOT MADE
MANDATORY by this handbook. The decision
as to whether or not a product will have a limit placed upon the time that it
may remain in storage is a function of the agency responsible for the product’s
ultimate use.
Products included-
a.
Products fabricated solely from
rubber. These include solid rubber,
cellular rubber and hard rubber (ebonite) items
b.
Composites in which the rubber is present
as a discrete phase. Examples are
cables, fabric reinforced gaskets, non-aerospace hose, rubber coated fabrics,
shock mounts and tires.
c.
Kits, accessories and outfits. The shelf life for these items should be determined
by the component with the earliest expiration date.
Products excluded-
a.
Rubber-base adhesives, coatings, sealers,
and liquid rubber materials packaged in cans or tubes.
b.
Rubber tapes.
c.
Aerospace o-rings and other molded
seals. Refer to SAE ARP5316 for
recommended shelf lives.
d.
Aerospace bulk hoses and hose
assemblies. Consult SAE AS1933A for age
control limits for acceptance of aerospace bulk hoses and hose assemblies.
e.
Non-aerospace bulk hoses and hose
assemblies (surface vehicle, industrial and marine application).
f.
Unvulcanized rubber, such as tread repair
stock and tank lining sheet stock.
g.
Composites in which the rubber is in
admixture with other ingredients, for example, rubber-asbestos packings and
rubber-cork gaskets.
h.
Subassemblies, assemblies and systems which
contain elastomeric items as component parts, such as small arms, weapons,
vehicles, aircraft, missiles and space vehicles.
i.
Products fabricated from flexible materials
that are not elastomeric, for example, some plastics.
Application-
The
information contained in this handbook is intended as a guide for use by those
agencies whose responsibility is to place control requirements on rubber
products, as well as by those activities whose responsibility it is to control
the age of products stocked in Government storage facilities. The handbook is not intended for use in
controlling the age of rubber products prior to their acceptance by the
Government or by Government contractors.
The handbook does not make mandatory the disposition of rubber products
that have been in storage longer than the periods recommended. The decision as to whether or not to dispose
of “overage” products is a function of the storage, supply or using facilities. Responsible activities should make every
attempt to limit the procurements of rubber products to the extent that large
volumes of “overage” products should be tested to determine whether or not they
meet the requirements of the applicable specifications. Procurement documents should require the mold
marking of the cure date, such as the year and month on the rubber product (or
on its package) and careful records kept of the cure date of all stored rubber
products. When age limitations of the
details specification listed herein conflict with the requirements herein, the
requirements of the detail specification will govern.
MIL-HDBK-764 System Safety Engineering Design Guide For Army Materiel, January
1990, 346 Pages.
Most
all of the disciplines involved in the design, engineering, production, and
deployment of Army systems are concerned in some way with system safety. Accordingly, one of the primary functions of
the system safety engineer is to integrate the safety-related planning done by
various other disciplines. These other
disciplines are responsible for specific categories of safety planning, but
their primary responsibilities are for other services. For example, reliability engineers are
concerned with the failure rates of all components in a piece of equipment,
whether or not such failures are safety related.
System
safety engineers have found that accidents are caused by adverse environmental
effects and by errors in design, production, operations, maintenance, and
disposal. Thus each technical discipline
or management activity that can contribute to the elimination or minimization
of these accident causes should be integrated into the system safety
activities. Some of the principal
technical activities that can affect the safety of a system are:
·
Human Factors Engineering
·
Reliability Engineering
·
Maintainability Engineering
·
Maintenance Engineering
·
Test Engineering
·
Quality Engineering And Control
·
Industrial Hygiene
·
Training
·
System Safety Engineering And Management Activities
·
Contracting
·
Budgeting
·
Legal
Data
includes ergonomic details.
MIL-HDBK-781A Reliability Test Methods, Plans, and Environments for Engineering
Development, Qualification, and Production, April 1996. 411 Pages.
This
handbook contains test methods, test plans, and environmental profile data
presented in a manner which facilitates their use with tailorable tasks when
appropriate.
The
testing of equipment procured for new military systems is an increasingly
complex process. Test methods, test
plans, and test environments must be selected which will ensure that
contractually required reliability levels are attained in the field and early
defect failures are removed prior to field deployment. MIL-HDBK-781 provides a menu of test plans,
test methods, and environmental profiles.
The most appropriate material may be selected for each program and
incorporated into the tailored reliability test program.
The
handbook sections on reliability test methods and test plans present methods
for growth monitoring, environmental stress screening,
mean-time-between-failure assurance testing, sequential tests, fixed-duration
tests, and all-equipment tests, including a durability/economic Life Test. The sections on test environmental profiles
provide typical test environments for fixed-ground equipment, mobile ground
vehicle, shipboard, jet aircraft, turboprop and helicopter, and missiles and
assembled external stores equipment. The
references provided will expand the user’s knowledge and aid in the design and
implementation of reliability test programs through more details data.
MIL-STD-810
Test Methods Standard For Engineering Considerations And Laboratory Tests, January 2000, 783 pages including changes notices 1 & 2
for revision F.
This test method standard has
the primary emphases on tailoring a materiel item’s environmental design and
test limits to the conditions that the specific materiel will experience
throughout its service life, and establishing laboratory test methods that
replicate the effects of environments on materiel rather than trying to
reproduce the environments themselves.
The standard is in two parts:
1. Part
One describes management, engineering, and technical roles in the
environmental design and test tailoring process.
2. Part
Two contains environmental laboratory test methods to be applied according to
the general and specific test tailoring guidelines described in Part One.
When applied properly, the
environmental management and engineering processes described in this standard
can be of enormous value in generating confidence in the environmental worthiness
and overall durability of materiel system design.
MIL-HDBK-1670
Environmental Criteria And Guidelines For Air-Launched Weapons, December 2007, 118 pages
This handbook is converted
from MIL-STD-1670. As air-launched
weapons become more complex, the definition of the service environment and the
attainment of high operational reliability become more complex and more
critical. High operational reliability
is directly dependent on how well the operational environment is defined and
properly provided for during the equipment design and test phases. The pas practice of qualifying weapons to
arbitrary vibration levels and temperature extremes of standards and
specifications without first investigating the weapon’s expected life cycle
environment has resulted in weapons severely deficient in reliability when used
in the operational environment. The
document provides methods for defining the weapon’s expected total service
environment early in the design phase and translating this environment into
design criteria that is to e demonstrated prior to the weapon’s operational
use.
This
handbook establishes guidelines for the development of environmental
engineering design and test requirements for air-launched weapons. It provides acquisition activities with
guidelines for the implementation of the required “most realistic environmental
test” in addition to MIL-STD-810.
MIL-HDBK-1798 (Superseding MIL-STD-1798) Mechanical
Equipment and Subsystems Integrity Program, December 1997, 34 Pages.
This
standard sets forth programmatic tasks for the development, acquisition
maintenance, modification, and operation of mechanical equipment and mechanical
elements of airborne, support and training subsystems to assure operation
soundness, dependability and affordability throughout the life cycle of Air
Force Systems. The Mechanical Equipment
and Subsystems Integrity Program, MECSIP, consists of a series of disciplined
time phased actions, procedures, analyses, tests, etc., which when developed
and applied in accordance with this standard will ensure more reliable,
affordable, and supportable equipment and subsystems, thus contributing to the
enhancement of total systems mission effectiveness and operational suitability.
MIL-HDBK-1823 Nondestructive Evaluation System Reliability Assessment, April
1999. 112 Pages.
This
handbook provides uniform guidance requirements for establishing NDE procedures
used to inspect new or in-service hardware for which a measure of NDE
reliability is required. They are,
specifically, Eddy Current (EC), Fluorescent Penetrant (PT), Ultrasonic (UT),
and Magnetic Particle (MT) Testing. This
document may be used for other NDE procedures if they are similar in output to
those listed herein, such as Radiographic testing, Holographic testing,
Shearographic testing, etc.
NDE
systems are classified into either of two categories: those which produce only
qualitative information as to the presence or absence of a flaw, i.e., hit/miss
data, and systems which also provide some quantitative measure of the size of
the indicated flaw, i.e., â vs. a data .
MIL-HDBK-2036
Preparation Of Electronic Equipment Specifications, 1 November 1999, 157 pages.
This
handbook provides guidance to specifiers and the acquisition community for the
development of requirements for end-item specifications and commercial item
descriptions. This handbook also
provides guidance for the evaluation of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)
equipment and nondevelopmental items (NDI) as to their suitability for use in
military environments.
This
document provides guidance for the tailoring of general and detailed
requirements which must be addressed in the preparation of specifications for
electronic equipment used in ships (including submarines), space, mobile (vehicular)
and land applications. The document also
includes a system classification details for establishing system priority to
set the severity levels to be achieved along with probability of mission
successes and confidence levels in design life validation which includes
environmental conditions plus inclusion of a long list of military and
commercial specifications.
MIL-HDBK-2084 Handbook For Maintainability Of Avionic And Electronic Systems And
Equipment, July 1995, 34 pages.
This
document was originally MIL-STD-2084 before designation as a handbook.
Maintainability
is an attribute of design and is a measure of the ease, rapidity, and accuracy
with which systems or equipment can be restored to operation status following
failure or repair. A high degree of
readiness and availability of avionic and electronic systems and equipment can
be assured only when their design allows for positive and accurate
identification of operational status, and when items are found defective, rapid
and efficient fault isolation, removal, replacement, and subsequent repair.
The
special features designed and built into systems which make them easy to
maintain and efficient to support result when maintainability is clearly
defined as a system requirement and the maintainability program is established
as a functional area of design. The
purpose of this standard [handbook] is not to subrogate the maintainability
program requirements of MIL-STD-470,
but merely to amplify the design criteria requirements of the maintainability
program and to emphasize maintainability by design.
Under
the concept of maintainability by design, emphasis is placed on those design
areas which tend to have the greatest influence on ease of maintenance. This includes requirements for
modularization, replacement at higher levels, and increased depth of
localization. These physical and
technical considerations of maintainability design are necessary if complex
avionic and electronic systems and equipment are to be supported efficiently at
all levels of maintenance.
MIL-HDBK-2164A
Environmental Stress Screening Process, June
1996. 45 Pages.
This
handbook provides guidelines for Environmental Stress Screening (ESS) of
electronic equipment, including environmental screening conditions, durations
of exposure, procedures, equipment operation, actions taken upon detection of
defects, and screening documentation.
These guidelines provide for a uniform ESS process that may be utilized
for effectively disclosing manufacturing defects in electronic equipment caused
by poor workmanship and faulty or marginal parts. It will also identify design problems if the
design is inherently fragile or if qualification and reliability growth tests
were too benign or not accomplished. The
most common stimuli used in ESS are temperature cycling and random vibration. A viable ESS program must be dynamic; the
screening program must be actively managed, and tailored to the particular
characteristics of the equipment being screened. It should be noted that there are no
universal screens applicable to all equipment.
ESS
is part of a viable engineering development, manufacturing corrective action
and overhaul process rather than a test in the normal accept/reject sense. Guidance in developing a screen can be found
in Figure 1. Those participating in the
effort, including the contractor should never be led to believe that a
“failure” is bad and would be held against them. ESS is intended to stimulate defects, not to
simulate the operating environment, and therefore, factory failures are
encouraged. The root causes of ESS
failures need to be found and corrected before there is a complete process.
MIL-HDBK-5400 Electronic Equipment, Airborne General
Guidelines For, 15 June 1992 and 30 November 1995, 91
Pages, (3.3 Meg PDF files)
This
handbook contains general guidelines for electronic equipment for operation in
piloted aircraft and helicopters, missiles, boosters and allied vehicles. Detail electrical and mechanical design,
performance and test requirements should be as specified in the detail
specification or contract.
This
handbook provides guidance for implementing and tailoring guidelines and
documents contained in MIL-HDBK-454
Standard General Guidelines For Electronic Equipment, which have applicability
in the design and production of electronic equipment for airborne
applications. Included in this handbook
are references to the applicable requirements, and index of applicable
documents, and a guide for tailoring and application of those requirements and
documents in conjunction with the various equipment design, development and
production phases.
This
document supersedes MIL-E-5400 and MIL-STD-5400.
MIL-HDBK-46855
Human Engineering Program Process And Procedures, 17 May 1999, 276 pages, supersedes DOD-HDBK-763 and MIL-H-46855.
This handbook provides human
engineering (HE)
(a) program tasks
(b) procedures and
preferred practices, and
(c) methods for
application to system acquisition.
The program tasks outline the work to be accomplished by a contractor or
subcontractor in conducting an HE effort integrated with the total system
engineering and development effort. They
serve as a basis for offerors to provide HE program information during the
solicitation process.
An HE effort should be
provided to
(a) develop or
improve all human interfaces of the system
(b) achieve
required effectiveness of human performance during system operation,
maintenance, support, control, and transport, and
(c) make
economical demands upon personnel resources, skills, training, and costs.
MIL-P-24534 Planned Maintenance System: Development Of
Maintenance Requirement Cards, Maintenance Index Pages, And Associated
Documentation, 26 April 1978 – 7 May 1985, Rev. A, 150
pages, (5.4 Meg PDF file)
This
specification identifies the requirements and standards for the development and
production of Maintenance Requirement Cards (MRCs), Maintenance Index Pages
(MIPs), and other associated documentation used with the Navy Maintenance and
Material Management (3-M) Systems, Planned Maintenance System (PMS), OPNAVINST
4790.4, Volume I. This specification
implements Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) (see 6.3.33) methodology for
the determination of maintenance requirements (see 6.5) and applies to all
levels of system or equipment grouping, and to all scheduled maintenance,
whether equipment is in use, ready for use, or in standby or lay up
condition. This specification addresses
the total scheduled maintenance program for a ship, irrespective of the
maintenance echelon possessing the capability to perform the maintenance; that
is organizational, intermediate, and depot level scheduled maintenance tasks
are considered. This specification
provides procedures for development of unscheduled maintenance within the PMS
program. Planned maintenance system
documentation shall be developed in accordance with this specification. This specification is intended for use by PMS
development activities and by activities which manage, monitor, or coordinate
that development.
MIL-PRF-19500L Performance Specification Semiconductor Devices, General Specification
For, October 1998. 119 Pages.
This
specification established the general performance requirements for
semiconductor devices. Detail requirements
and characteristics are specified in the performance specification sheet. Revisions to this and performance
specification sheets are structured to assure the interchangeability of devices
of the same part type regardless of manufacturing date coed or conformance
inspection (CI) completion date. Five
quality levels for encapsulated devices are provided for in this specification,
differentiated by the prefixes JAN, JANTX, JANTXV, JANJ, and JANS. Seven radiation hardness assurance (RHA)
levels are provided for the JANTXV and JANS quality levels. These are designated by the letters M, D, L,
R, F, G, and H following the quality levels portion of the prefix. Two quality levels for unencapsulated devices
are provided for in this specification differentiated by the prefixes JANHX and
JANKC.
MIL-PRF-38534D Performance Specification Hybrid Microcircuits, General Specification
For, January 1999. 82 Pages.
This
specification establishes the general performance requirements for hybrid
microcircuits, Multi-Chip Modules (MCM) and similar devices and the
verification requirements for insuring that these devices meet the applicable
performance requirements. Verification
is accomplished through the use of one of two quality programs (Appendix
A). The main body of this specification
describes the performance requirements and the requirements for obtaining a
Qualified Manufacturers List (QML) listing.
The appendices of this specification are intended for guidance to aid a
manufacture in developing their verification program. Detail requirements, specification
characteristics, and other provisions which are sensitive to the particular
intended use should be specified in the applicable device acquisition
specification. This document supersedes
MIL-STD-1772.
MIL-PRF-38535E Performance Specification Integrated Circuits (Microcircuits)
Manufacturing, General Specification For, December 1997. 127 Pages.
This
specification establishes the general performance requirements for integrated
circuits or microcircuits and the quality and reliability assurance
requirements which must be met for their acquisition. The intent of this specification is to allow
the device manufacturer the flexibility to implement best commercial practices
to the maximum extent possible while still providing product which meets the
military performance needs. Details
requirements, specific characteristics of microcircuits, and other provisions
which are sensitive to the particular use intended will be specified in the
device specification. Quality assurance
requirements outlined herein are for all microcircuits built on a manufacturing
line which is controlled through a manufacturer’s Quality Management (QM)
program and has been certified and qualified in accordance with requirements
herein. Several levels of product
assurance including Radiation Hardness Assurance (RHA) are provided for in this
specification. The certification and
qualification sections found herein outline the requirements to be met by a
manufacturer to be listed on a Qualified Manufacturer Listing (QML). After listing of a technology flow on a QML,
the manufacturer must continually meet or improve the established baseline of
certified and qualified procedures, the QM program, the manufacturer’s review
system, the status reporting and quality and reliability assurance requirements
for al QML products. The manufacturer
may present alternative methods of addressing the requirements contained in
this document. This specification
requires a manufacturer to establish a process flow baseline. If sufficient quality and reliability data is
available, the manufacture, through the QM program and the manufacture’s review
system, may modify substitute or delete tests.
MIL-PRF-49506 Performance Specification Logistics Management Information, November
1996. 80 Pages.
This
specification describes information required by the government to perform
acquisition logistics management functions.
The principle focus of this specification is on providing the DOD with a
contractual method for acquiring support and support-related engineering and
logistics data from contractors. The DOD
uses this data in-house in existing logistics DOD materiel management processes
such as those for initial provisioning, cataloging, and item management. Data products intended primarily for in-house
use by the contractor during his/her own design process or those developed
internally by the DOD are beyond the scope of this document. Depending on specific program requirements,
this information may be in the form of summary reports, a set of specific data
products, or both. This specification
identifies content requirements for information summaries and format
requirement of data products. It may e
used on all system/end item acquisition programs The contractor may, and is encouraged to,
suggest alternative means of satisfying requirements of this specification to
make information more readily available and to utilize more efficient business
practices. The mechanics of delivery
(e.g., electronic data interchange, hard copy, etc.) are not within the scope
of this specification and should be addressed separately. Data entry media, storage, and maintenance
procedures are left to the contractor.
MIL-S-52779 Software Quality Assurance Program Requirements was cancelled on 29
June 1990 and superseded by DoD-STD-2168 which is shown above.
MIL-STD-001591
A Command, Control and Communications (C3)
System & Component Fault Diagnosis, Subsystems, Analysis/Synthesis Of.
December 1978. 23 Pages
This
standard establishes uniform criteria for conducting trade studies to determine
the optimal design for command, control and communication system and component
fault diagnosis/isolation subsystems, hereafter referred to as Fault
Identification & Test Subsystems (FITS).
FITS include the hardware and/or software necessary for the detection
and isolation of failures.
MIL-STD-105 Sampling Procedures and Tables For Inspection By Attributes, May
1989 Rev E, 75 Pages
This
publication provides sampling procedures and reference tables for use in
planning and conducting inspection by attributes. The sampling concept is based on the
probabilistic recurrence of events when a series of lots or batches are
produced in a stable environment. The
sampling plans described in this standard are applicable to AQL’s of 0.01
ercent or higher and therefore not suitable for applications where quality
levels in the defective parts per million range can be realized. Also see MIL-STD-1916.
MIL-STD-202G Test Methods Standard Electronic And Electrical Component Parts,
February 2002. 193 Pages
This
standard establishes uniform methods for testing electronic and electrical
component parts, including basic environmental tests to determine resistance to
deleterious effects of natural elements and conditions surrounding military
operations, and physical and electrical tests.
For the purpose of this standard, the term “component parts” includes
such items as capacitors, resistors, switches, relays, transformers, inductors,
and others. This standard is intended to
apply only to small component parts, weighting up to 300 pounds or having a
root mean square test voltage up to 50,000 volts unless otherwise specifically
invoked. The test methods described
herein have been prepared to serve several purposes:
a.
To specify suitable conditions obtainable
in the laboratory that give test results equivalent to the actual service
conditions existing in the field, and to obtain reproducibility of the results
of tests. The tests described herein are
not to be interpreted as an exact and conclusive representation of actual
service operation in any one geographic location, since the only true test for
operation in a specific location is an actual service test at that point.
b.
To describe in one standard (1) all of the
test methods of a similar character which appeared in the various joint or
single-service electronic and electrical component parts specifications, (2)
those test methods which are feasible for use in several specifications, and
(3), the recognized extreme environments, particularly temperatures, barometric
pressures, etc., at which component parts will be tested under some of the
presently standardized testing procedures.
By so consolidating, these methods may be kept uniform and thus result
in conservation of equipment, man-hours, and testing facilities. In achieving these objectives, it is necessary
to make each of the general tests adaptable to a broad range of electronic and
electrical component parts.
c.
The test methods described herein for
environmental, physical, and electrical tests shall also apply, when
applicable, to parts not covered by an approved military specification,
military sheet from standard, specification sheet, or drawing.
MIL-STD-271 Requirements For Nondestructive Testing
Methods. 31
October 1973 27 May 1998. Rev. F with
one change notice and two cancellation notices.
This
standard covers nondestructive testing method requirements for radiographic,
magnetic particles, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, eddy current and visual
inspections. These requirements are
designed to ensure the integrity and reliability of inspections performed. This standard does not contain acceptance
criteria for the inspection methods defined.
This
standard covers the requirements for conducting nondestructive test used in
determining the presence of surface and internal discontinuities in
metals. It also contains the minimum
requirements necessary to qualify nondestructive test and inspection personnel,
procedures, and nondestructive test equipment.
MIL-STD-271
has been superseded by NAVSEA Technical Publication T9074-AS-GIB-010/271 “Requirements
for Nondestructive Testing Methods”, Stock Number 0910LO7314700. Copies of NAVSEA Technical Publications are
available from the Naval Inventory Control Point, Code 1 Support Branch,
MIL-STD-331
Fuze And Fuze Components, Environmental And Performance Tests For, 5 January 2005, Rev. C, 295 pages (14.4 Meg PDF file size)
This
standard describes tests used by the department of Defense (DoD) to determine
the safety, reliability and performance characteristics of weapon system fuzes
and fuze components at any stage in their life cycles.
This
is a test method type standard evolved over the years reflecting increased
standardization of environmental and performance tests among the services and
improvements in fuze design, test technology and safety.
MIL-STD-414 Sampling Procedures And Tables For Inspection
Buy Variables For Percent Defective, 8 May 1955
with changes notice through 02 February 1995. 118 pages (5.5Meg PDF file size)
This
Standard establishes sampling plans and procedures for inspection by variables
for use in Government procurement, supply and storage, and maintenance in
inspection operations.
This
Standard has been superseded by ANSI/ASQC
Z1.9-2003 Sampling Procedures
and Tables for Inspection by Variables for Percent Nonconforming.
MIL-STD-461
Requirements For The Control Of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics Of
Subsystems And Equipment, 10 December 2007, Rev.
F, 269 pages, (1.6 Meg PDF file size)
This
standard establishes interface and associated verification requirements for the
control of electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission and susceptibility
characteristics of electronic, electrical, and electromechanical equipment and
subsystems designed or procured for use by activities and agencies of the Department
of Defense (DoD)
MIL-STD-470B Maintainability Program For Systems And Equipment, May 1989. 78 Pages
This
standard provides task descriptions for maintainability program. The Tasks, as tailored, will be applied to
systems and equipment development, acquisitions and modifications. Software maintainability is no covered by
this standard.
This
military standard consists of basic application requirements, specific
tailorable maintainability program tasks, and an appendix which includes and
application matrix and guidance and rationale for task selection.
MIL-STD-471ANot3 Maintainability Verification/Demonstration/Evaluation, March
1973. 64 Pages.
This
standard provides procedures and test methods for verification, demonstration,
and evaluation of qualitative and quantitative maintainability
requirements. It also provides for
qualitative assessment of various integrated logistic support factors related
to and impacting the achievement of maintainability parameters and time
downtime, e.g., technical manuals, personnel, tools and test equipment,
maintenance concepts, and provisioning.
MIL-STD-498 Software Development And Documentation, December 1994. 229 Pages.
The
purpose of this standard is to establish uniform requirements for software
development and documentation.
This
standard and its Data Item Descriptions (DIDs) are meant to be tailored for
each type of software to which they are applied. While tailoring is the responsibility of the
acquirer, suggested tailoring may be provided by prospective and selected
developers. General tailoring guidance
can be found in Section 6 and in DOD-HDBK-248. Tailoring guidance specific to this standard
can be found in Appendixes G and H and in guidebooks and handbooks planned for
this standard.
MIL-STD-690D Failure Rate Sampling
Plans And Procedures, June 2005. 43 Pages
This
standard provides procedures for failure rate (FR) qualification, sampling
plans for establishing and maintaining FR levels at selected confidence levels,
and lot conformance inspection procedures associates with FR testing for the
purpose of direct reference in appropriate military electronic parts established
reliability (ER) specifications. Figures
and table throughout this standard are based on exponential distribution. Weibull distribution will be acceptable in
certain components such as capacitors.
Use of Weibull distribution for any component must be approved by the
qualifying activity. This standard also
provides guidance to specification writers in the use of this standard (see
appendix A) and references material for uses of ER parts.
MIL-STD-721-RevC Definitions Of Terms For Reliability And Maintainability, June
1981. 18 Pages.
This
Standard defines words and terms most commonly used which are associated with
Reliability and Maintainability (R & M).
It is intended to be used as a common base for R & M definitions and
to reduce the possibility of conflicts, duplications, and incorrect
interpretations either expressed or implied elsewhere in documentation. The definitions addressed the intent and
policy of DoD Directive 5000.40.
Statistical and mathematical terms which have gained wide acceptance are
not defined in this standard since they are included in other documents.
MIL-STD-750 Test Method Standard Test Methods For
Semiconductor Devices, 20 November 2006, Rev. E, (9.6 Meg PDF
file size)
This
standard establishes uniform methods for testing semiconductor devices,
including basic environmental tests to determine resistance to deleterious
effects of natural elements and conditions surrounding military operation, and
physical and electrical tests. For the
purpose of this standard, the term “devices” includes such items as
transistors, diodes, voltage regulators, rectifiers, tunnel diodes, and other
related parts. This standard is intended
to apply only to semiconductor devices.
MIL-STD-756B Reliability Modeling and
Prediction, November 1981. 100 Pages
including change Notice 1.
Reliability
prediction is an essential function in evaluating a design from concept through
development and in controlling changes during production. Prediction provides a rational basis for
design decisions such as the choice between alternatives concepts, choice of
part quality levels, derating to be applied, use of proven versus
state-of-the-art techniques, and other factors.
It
is essential that common ground rules be established for techniques and data
sources used in the formulation of reliability models and predictions so that
they may be applied and interpreted uniformly.
This standard establishes procedures and ground rules intended to
achieve this purpose.
It
must be recognized that reliability prediction is a best estimate of the
reliability anticipated from a given design within data limitations and the
extent of item definition. A properly
performed reliability prediction is invaluable to those responsible for making
program decisions regarding the feasibility and adequacy of a design approach.
Reliability
predictions are generally based on experience data from similar items, or their
components, used in a same or similar manner.
Extreme caution must be exercised in ascertaining the similarity of
other items and the degree of similarity in the conditions of use. This standard emphasizes verification and
justification of the validity and applicability of data sources to the
preparation of predictions.
The
necessity for determining the costs of achieving and sustaining the reliability
of an item requires that reliability be considered from two perspectives,
reliability as a measure of operational effectiveness (Mission Reliability) and
reliability as a measure of ownership cost (Basic Reliability). The incorporation of redundancies and
alternative modes of operation to improve Mission Reliability invariable
decreases Basic Reliability and increases procurement and logistic support
costs. This standard addresses Mission
Reliability prediction and Basic Reliability prediction as separate but
companion predictions both of which are essential to adequately quantify the
reliability of an item.
The
need for updating a given prediction will vary from program to program and
cannot be precisely established in a general standard. Updating will depend primarily on the degree
to which the item has been defined, and the availability of pertinent
data. Provisions should be made for
reliability prediction updates at all design review points and other major
program milestones.
This
standard establishes uniform procedures and ground rules for the preparation of
Mission Reliability and Basic Reliability models and predictions for
electronic, electrical, electromechanical, mechanical, and ordnance systems and
equipments, hereinafter referred to as items.
Item complexity may range from a complete weapon system to the simplest
subdivision of a system. The primary
value of Reliability Prediction is as a design tool to provide relative
measures of item reliability to design decisions. Great caution must be used when applying and
translating the absolute value of the Reliability Prediction to measures of
Field Reliability.
MIL-STD-778 is superseded by MIL-STD-721-RevC Definitions Of Terms For Reliability And Maintainability,
MIL-STD-781D Reliability Testing For Engineering Development, Qualification, And
Production, October 1986. 47 Pages.
This
standard specifies the general requirements an specific tasks for reliability
testing during the development, qualification, and production of systems and
equipment.
This
standard establishes the tailorable requirements for reliability testing
performed during integrated test programs specified in MIL-STD-785. Task descriptions for Reliability
Development/Growth Testing (RD/GT), Reliability Qualification Testing (RQT),
Production Reliability Acceptance Tests (PRAT), and Environmental Stress
Screening (ESS) are defined. Tasks
specified in this standard are to be selectively applied in DOD contracted
procurements, requests for proposals, statements of works (SOWs) and Government
in-house developments which require reliability testing of systems and
equipment.
MIL-STD-785-Rev B Reliability Program For Systems And Equipment, September 1980. 88 Pages.
This
military standard consists of basic application requirements, specific
tailorable reliability program tasks, and an appendix which includes an
application matrix and guidance and rationale for task selection.
Effective
reliability programs must be tailored to fit program needs and constraints,
including life cycle costs (LCC). This
document is intentionally structured to discourage indiscriminate blanket
applications. Tailoring is forced by
requiring that specific tasks be selected and for those tasks identified, that
certain essential information relative to implementation of the task be
provided by the procuring activity.
Many
of the tasks solicit facts and recommendations from the contractors on the need
for, and scope of, the work to be done rather than requiring that a specific
task be done in a specific way. The
selected tasks can be tailored to meet specific and peculiar program needs.
Although
not all encompassing, the guidance and rational provided in Appendix A is
intended to serve as an aid I selecting and scoping the tasks and requirements.
Contains
the most common description of a reliability program with specific tasks to be
considered in developing a reliability program:
·
Conceptual phase
·
Demonstration and validation phase
·
Full-scale engineering development phase
·
Production phase
·
Reliability accounting
·
Reliability engineering
·
Basic reliability
·
·
Life units
·
Environmental stress screening
·
Reliability development/growth test
·
Reliability qualification test
·
Production reliability acceptance test
Includes
an application matrix of 18 tasks to be considered in developing a reliability
program:
1.
Reliability program plan
2.
Monitor/control of subcontractors and
suppliers
3.
Program reviews
4.
Failure reporting, analysis, and corrective
action systems (FRACAS)
5.
Failure review board (FRB)
6.
Reliability modeling
7.
Reliability allocations
8.
Reliability predictions
9.
Failure modes, effects, and criticality
analysis (FEMCA)
10. Sneak circuit analysis (SCA)
11. Electronic parts/circuits tolerance analysis
12. Parts program
13. Reliability critical items
14. Effects of functional testing, storage, handling, packaging,
transportation, and maintenance
15. Environmental stress screening (ESS)
16. Reliability development/growth testing
17. Reliability qualification test program (RQT)
18. Production reliability acceptance test program (PRAT)
MIL-STD-790F Standard Practice For
Established Reliability And High Reliability Qualified Products List (QPL) Systems
For Electrical, Electronic, And Fiber Optic Parts Specifications. August 1995.
17 Pages.
This
standard is for direct reference in established reliability and high
reliability electrical, electronic, and fiber optic parts specifications and
establishes the criteria for a manufacturer’s qualified product systems.
MIL-STD-810 Test Method Standard For Environmental
Engineering Considerations And Laboratory Tests, 1 January 2000 to 5 May 2003 for 3 change notices, Rev.
F, 782 pages, (11.4 Meg PDF file size)
This
standard contains materiel acquisition program planning and engineering
direction for considering the influences that environmental stresses have on
materiel throughout all phases of its service life. It is important to note that this document
does not imposed design or test specifications.
Rather, it describes the environmental tailoring process that results in
realistic materiel designs and test methods based on materiel system
performance requirements.
MIL-STD-882-RevD Standard Practice For Systems Safety, February 2000. 31 Pages.
The
system safety practice as defined herein conforms to the acquisition procedures
in DoD regulation 5000.2-R and provides a consistent means of evaluating
identified risks. Mishap risk must be
identified, evaluated, and mitigated to a level acceptable (as defined by the system user or customer)
to the appropriate authority and compliant with federal (and state where
applicable) laws and regulations, Executive Orders, treaties, and
agreements. Program trade studies
associated with mitigating mishap risk must consider total life cycle cost in
any decision. When requiring MIL-STD-882
in a solicitation or contract and no specific paragraphs of this standard are
identified, then apply on those requirements presented in section 4.
For
this MIL-STD, think risk matrices as described at http://www.barringer1.com/nov04prb.htm
for making risk-based decisions.
MIL-STD-882 supersedes MIL-STD-1574.
MIL-STD-883F Test Method Standard Microcircuits, June 2004. 708 Pages.
This
standard establishes uniform methods, controls, and procedures for testing
microelectronic devices suitable for use within Military and Aerospace
electronic systems including basic environmental tests to determine resistance
to deleterious effects of natural elements and conditions surrounding military
and space operations; mechanical and electrical tests; workmanship and training
procedures; and such other controls and constraints as have been deemed
necessary to ensure a uniform level of quality and reliability suitable to the
intended applications of those devices.
For the purpose of this standard, the term “devices” includes such items
as monolithic, multichip, film and hybrid microcircuits, microcircuit arrays,
and the elements from which the circuits and arrays are formed. This standard is intended to apply only to
microelectronic devices.
MIL-STD-973
Configuration Management, 17 April 1992, 258 pages.
This
standard defines configuration management requirements which are to be
selectively applied, as required, throughout the life cycle of any
configuration items (CI). This standard
supersedes:
MIL-STD-480
Configuration Control
MIL-STD-481 Configuration
Control – Short Form
MIL-STD-482
Configuration Status
MIL-STD-483
Configuration Management Practices
MIL-STD-1456
Configuration Management Plan
MIL-STD-1521
Technical Reviews and Audits for Systems, Equipments, and Computer Software
MIL-STD-973
has these revisions:
Interim Change
Notice 1 on 01-Dec-1992, 102 pages
Interim Change
Notice 2 on 24-Nov-1993, 18 pages
Interim Change
Notice 3 on 13-Jan-1995, 121 pages
Cancellation
Change Notice 4 on 30-Sep-2000, 1 page
MIL-STD-1309D Definition of Terms for Test, Measurement and Diagnostic Equipment. February 1992, 65 Pages.
The
purpose of this standard is to standardize the definitions of the most commonly
used terms for testing, measurement, and diagnostics. This standard establishes the definitions
most commonly used for test, measurement, and diagnostics.
MIL-STD-1344 Test Methods For Electrical Connectors. 19 May 1969. Rev. A
through 6 changes notices to 22 October 2004, 193 Pages, (5.3 Meg PDF file)
This
standard establishes uniform test methods for testing electrical connections.
MIL-STD-1388Rev1A Logistic Support Analysis, April 1983. 121 Pages.
This
standard provides general requirements and task descriptions governing performance
of Logistic Support analysis (LSA) during the life cycle of systems and
equipment. Superseded by MIL-HDBK-502.
MIL-STD-1388Rev2B DOD Requirements For A Logistic Support Analysis Record, March
1991. 614 Pages.
This
standard prescribes the data element definitions (DED), data field lengths, and
formats for Logistic Support Analysis (LSA) Record (LSAR) data. It identifies the LSAR reports that are
generated from the LSAR data and identifies the LSART relational tables and
automated data processing (ADP) specifications for transmittal and delivery of
automated LSAR data. Superseded by
MIL-PRF-49506.
MIL-STD-1472D
Human Engineering Design Criteria For
Military Systems, Equipment And Facilities, March 1989. 409 Pages.
This
standard establishes general human engineering design criteria for military
systems, subsystems, equipment and facilities.
Data
includes extensive ergonomic details.
MIL-STD-1523
Age Controls Of Age-Sensitive Elastomeric Materiel, 1 February 1984, 12 pages including two change notices for
cancellation in lieu of: 1) SAE AS1933, “Age
Control for Hose Containing Age-Sensitive Elastomeric Material” for hose
application and 2) SAE
ARP5316, “Storage of Aerospace Elastomeric Seals and Seal Assemblies which
include and Elastomer Element prior to Hardware Assembly”
This
document establishes requirements for the maximum ages of age sensitive
elastomeric items for use in military aircraft and missiles and for space
vehicles at the time of acceptance by a Government acquiring activity. The provisions of this document apply to
hoses and O-rings from specific classes of elastomers which are resistant to
lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and petroleum base fuels and which conform to the
specifications cited herein.
Age
control is the designation of a specific maximum period of age after cure date
that will assure desired performance characteristics of an elastomer. Age control is based on the premise that elastomers
are age sensitive.
An
age sensitive material is one whose physical property values or physical form
slowly drift outside the useable range.
These changes in elastomeric materials are caused by exposure to harmful
influences such as: oxygen and ozone especially in the presence of ultra-violet
light, moisture, high temperatures, swelling agents such as fuel and other
solvents, corrosive vapors and mechanical stress which modify the network
structure of the elastomeric component of the item and may modify the
reinforcing action of the fillers. The
presence of protective substances and the chemical composition retard these
changes. Upon depletion of these
protective materials, the rate of degradation increases and the item more
rapidly approaches the end of its service life.
MIL-STD-1543B Reliability Program
Requirements for Space and Missile Systems, October 1988. 100 Pages.
The
high reliability required of all space and launch vehicles is achieved by the
designs, including the design margins, and by the manufacturing processes and
controls imposed at every level of fabrication, assembly, and test. The design and design margins should ensure
that the equipment is capable of performing in the operational
environment. The reliability program
requirements stated in this standard have been established to ensure the timely
and economical attainment of system reliability as an integral part of the
acquisition process. The requirements
are a composite of those that have been found to be cost effective on previous
space programs
This
standard establishes uniform reliability program requirements and tasks for use
during design, development, fabrication, test, and operation of space and
launch vehicles.
MIL-STD-1556
Government/Industry Data Exchange Program (GIDEP) Contractor Participation
Requirements, February 1986, 29 pages.
GIDEP is a cooperative data
interchange among Government and Industry participants seeking to reduce or
eliminate expenditures of time and money by making maximum use of existing
knowledge. GIDEP provides a means to
exchange certain types of data essential during the life cycle of systems and equipment.
GIDEP was initially
established to minimize duplicate testing of parts and materials through the
interchange of environmental test data and technical information among
contractors and Government agencies involved in design, development, and fabrication
of Government-funded equipment.
Information contained within the GIDEP storage and retrieval system
includes environmental test reports and procedures, reliability specifications,
failure analysis data, failure rate data, calibration procedures, and other
technical information related to the application, reliability, quality
assurance, and testing of parts and related materials.
MIL-STD-1562 Lists Of Standard Microcircuits, September 1991, 181 pages
The
purpose of this standard is to:
a) Provide equipment
designers, manufacturers and users with lists of microcircuits considered to be
most acceptable for military applications.
b)
Control and minimize the variety of microcircuits used by military activities
in order to facilitate effective logistic support of equipment in the field
c)
Concentrate economic support, improvement and production of the microcircuits
listed in this standard.
MIL-STD-1576 Electroexplosive Subsystem Safety
Requirements And Test Methods For Space Systems. 31 July 1884 and change
notice 1 dated 04 September 1992. 151 Pages, (8.7 Meg PDF files)
This
Stndard establishes the general requirements and test methods fo the design and
development of electroexplosive subsystems to preclude hazards from
unintentional initiation and from failure to fire. These requirements apply to all subsystems utilizing
electrically initiated explosive or pyrotechnic components.
This
Standard applies to all space vehicles systems (e.g., launch vehicles, upper
stages, boosters, payloads, and related systems).
MIL-STD-1586 Quality Program Requirements For Space And
Launch Vehicles, June 1998, 39 pages.
The
purpose of this standard is to specify special quality program requirements to meet
the high standards necessary for space and launch vehicles.
MIL-STD-1591 On-Aircraft, Fault Diagnosis, Sub-Systems, Analysis/Synthesis Of January 1977.
22 Pages
This
standard establishes uniform criteria for conducting trade studies to determine
the optimal design for an on-aircraft fault diagnosis/isolation system,
thereafter referred to as the On-Board Built-In Test System (ONBIT).
This
standard is applicable to DoD procurements which include the development of
on-aircraft fault diagnosis/isolation systems where a selection cam be made
between such alternatives as central computer controlled on-board centrally
polled built-in test equipment (BITE), decentralized BITE, detached Aerospace
Ground Equipment (AGE), etc., or combinations of the preceding. The fault diagnosis/isolation systems of
interest are those used to diagnose/isolate faults at the flight line
(organizational) level of maintenance.
MIL-STD-1629-RevA Procedures For Performing A Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality
Analysis, November 1980. 54 Pages.
(FMEA and FMECA)
MIL-STD-1629-RevA-ChangedNotice-1 Procedures For Performing A Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality
Analysis, June 1983. 11 Pages.
MIL-STD-1629-RevA-ChangedNotice-2 Procedures For Performing A Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality
Analysis, November 1984. 7 Pages.
This
standard establishes requirements and procedures for performing a failure mode,
effects (FMEA), and criticality analysis (FEMCA) to systematically evaluate and
document, by item failure mode analysis, the potential impact of each
functional or hardware failure on mission success, personnel and system safety,
system performance, maintainability, and maintenance requirements. Each potential failure is ranked by the
severity of its effect in order that appropriate corrective actions may be
taken to eliminate or control the high risk items. Also used for root cause failure analysis
(RCA).
MIL-STD-1686C Electrostatic Discharge Control Program For Protection Of Electrical
And Electronic Parts Assemblies And Equipment (Excluding Electrically Initiated
Explosive Devices), October 1995. 18
Pages.
The
purpose of this standard is to establish comprehensive requirements for an ESD
control program to minimize the effects of ESD on parts, assemblies, and
equipment. An effective ESD control
program will increase reliability and decrease both maintenance actions and
lifetime costs. This standard shall be
tailored for various type of acquisitions.
The
standard defines the performance requirements for an ESD control program for
electrical and electronic parts, assemblies, and equipment, susceptible to
damage from ESD. Electrically initiated
explosive devices and part level design are excluded from these
requirements. This standard covers
identification, testing, classification, assembly and equipment design
criteria, protected areas, handling procedures, training, marking of hardware,
protective covering and packaging, and provides for quality assurance
requirements, audits and reviews.
MIL-STD-1843 Reliability-Centered Maintenance for Aircraft, Engines and Equipment.
This standard establishes the
methodology and decision logic for the USA Reliability-Centered Maintenance
(RCM) program. It forms the basis for
developing the preventive maintenance actions needed to provide safe, reliable
equipment that assures mission accomplishment at reasonable cost.
Although
the primary purpose of preventive maintenance is to assure that inherent
(designed) reliability is sustained, preventive maintenance by itself may not
produce the reliability required to meet mission requirements. Therefore, this standard considers equipment
redesign as an option to improving equipment reliability when it is
economically feasible to do so.
The
focus is on reliability, safety and mission accomplishment at reasonable
cost. This standard, when
conscientiously applied, forces a vigorous examination of these three factors
and prevents indiscriminate actions which are not cost effective.
This
document, which is based on the Airline/Manufacturer Maintenance Program
Planning Document MSG-3, outlines the procedures for developing preventive
maintenance requirements through the use of Reliability-Centered Maintenance
Analysis (RCMA) for Air Force aircraft and engine systems, aircraft and engine
structures and equipment, including peculiar and common Support Equipment (SE)
Communications and Electronics (C-E) equipment, vehicles, weapons and other
similar equipment items.
MIL-STD-1916 Department Of Defense Test Method Standard, April 1996. 33 Pages
The
purpose of this standard is to encourage defense contractors and other
commercial organizations supplying goods and services to the U.S. Government to
submit efficient and effective process control (prevention) procedures in place of prescribed sampling
requirements. The goal is to support the
movement away from an AQL-based inspection (detection) strategy to implementation of an effective
prevention-based strategy including a comprehensive quality system, continuous
improvement and a partnership with the Government. The underlying theme is a partnership between
DoD and the defense supplier, with the requisite competence of both parties,
and a clear mutual benefit from process capable of consistently high quality
products and services. The objective is
o create an atmosphere where every noncompliance is an opportunity for
corrective action and improvement rather than one where acceptable quality
levels are the contractually sufficient goals.
MIL-HDBK-2035 Nondestructive Testing Acceptance
Criteria. 4 July 1991 to 15 May 1995,
Rev. A, 88 pages, (5.4 Meg PDF file)
MIL-STD-2035
has been redesignated as a Test Method Standard.
The
acceptance criteria contained herein are for use in determining the
acceptability of nondestructive test (NDT) discontinuities in castings, welds, forgings, extrusions, cladding, and
other products where specified by the applicable Naval Sea Systems Command
(NAVSEA) drawing, specification, contract, order or directive. Acceptance criteria contained herein are
based upon inspection methods performed in accordance with MIL-STD-271.
MIL-STD-2074(AS) Failure Classification For Reliability Testing, February 1978. 12 Pages.
This
standard establishes criteria for classification of failures occurring during
reliability tests.
This
standard, when made a part of the procurement document or the equipment specification,
applies to any reliability test, including, but not limited to, tests performed
in accordance with MIL-R-22973, MIL-R-23094, and MIL-STD-781.
MIL-STD-2077B General Requirements Test Program Sets, April 1991, 34 Pages.
This standard contains the
requirements to achieve cost effective acquisition and life cycle maintenance
of Operation Test Programs Sets/Test Program Sets (OTPS/TPSS). This document establishes a standard for
design, development, documentation, configuration management, validation,
verification, quality assurance and preparation for delivery of OTPS/TPSS. A TPS is composed of a Test Program (TP),
interface Device (ID), and Test Program Instruction (TPI). The OTPS shall be the result of merging one
or more PTSS into a group which share a single ID. This document is specifically limited to
OTPS/TPS development for Automatic Test Equipment (STE) systems.
MIL-STD-2084 Maintainability of Avionic & Electronic Systems and Equipment
Converted from MIL-STD-2084 to MIL-HDBK-2084.
MIL-STD-2155 Failure Reporting, Analysis And Corrective Action System, July
1985. 17 Pages.
This
standard establishes uniform requirements and criteria for a Failure Reporting,
Analysis, and Corrective Action System (FRACAS) to implement the FRACAS
requirement of MIL-STD-785. FRACAS is intended to provide management
visibility and control for reliability and maintainability improvement of
hardware and associated software by timely and disciplined utilization of
failure and maintenance data to generate and implement effective corrective
actions to prevent failure recurrence and to simplify or reduce the maintenance
tasks.
MIL-STD-2164 Environment Stress
Screening Process for Electronic Equipment, April 1985. 49 Pages.
This
standard defines the requirements for ESS of electronic equipment, including
environmental test conditions, durations of exposure, procedures, equipment
operation, actions taken upon detection of defects, and test
documentation. The standard provides for
a uniform ESS ot be utilized for effectively disclosing manufacturing defects
in electronic equipment.
The
process described herein shall be applied to electronic assemblies, equipment
and systems, in six broad categories as distinguished according to their field
service applications:
1.
Fixed ground equipment
2.
Mobile ground vehicle equipment
3.
Shipboard equipments-Sheltered and Exposed
to atmospheric environment
4.
Jet aircraft equipment
5.
Turbo-propeller and rotary-wing aircraft
equipment
6.
Air launched weapons and assembled external
storage
Large, heavy
items: When applying this standard to
large, heavy items, the following shall be considered:
1.
Potential fatigue
2.
Adequate environmental inputs
3.
Availability of suitable environmental
generation facilities
4.
Technical validly of testing at lower
assembly levels, i.e., drawers, chassis, etc.
MIL-STD-2165 Testability Program For Electronic Systems And Equipment, January
1985. 80 Pages.
This
standard provides uniform procedures and methods for establishing a testability
program, for assessing testability in designs and for integration of
testability into the acquisition process for electronic systems and equipments.
This
standard is applicable to the development of electronic components, equipments,
and systems for the Department of Defense.
Appropriate tasks of this standard are to be applied during the
Conceptual phase, Demonstration and Validation phase, Full Scale Development
phase and Production phase of the system acquisition process.
MIL-STD-2173 Reliability-Centered Maintenance Requirements for Naval Aircraft,
Weapons Systems and Support Equipment.
January 1986, 265 Pages
The
purpose of this standard is to provide the procedures for a Reliability-Centered
Maintenance (RCM) analysis for Naval Aircraft, weapons systems, and support
equipment (SE). This standard is to be
used by contractors during development of new systems and equipment, and by
analysis and auditors within the Naval Air Systems Command for determining
preventive maintenance requirements and developing age exploration
requirements. The tasks shall also be
use to update the initial Reliability-Centered Maintenance analysis and analyze
newly discovered failure modes. For
additional information on application, refer to Appendix F on additional
guidance.
MIL-STD-45662 Calibration Systems Requirements, August 1988. 13 Pages
This
MIL-STD provides requirements for the establishment and maintenance of a
calibration system to control the accuracy of measuring and test equipment
(M&TE) and measurement standards used to assure that supplies and services
delivered to the Government comply with prescribed technical requirements. This document was rescinded in February 1995
in deference to ISO-10012-1 [ISO-10012
is for all organizations and covers the entire Measurement and Management
System of an organization, whereas ISO/IEC
17025 is specifically for calibration laboratories or product testing
laboratories only to verify the laboratory is competent (capable) to perform
the measurements or tests] and ANSI-Z540-1
or comparable standards]
NASA-1358
System Engineering “Toolbox” for
Design-Oriented Engineers, December 1994.
306 Pages.
The
purpose of this system engineering toolbox is to provide tools and
methodologies available to the design-oriented systems engineer. A tool,
as used herein, is defined as a set of procedures to accomplish a specific
function. A methodology is defined as a collection of tools, rules, and
postulates to accomplish a purpose. A
thorough literature search was performed to identify the prevalent tools and
methodologies. For each concept addressed
in the toolbox, the following information is provided:
1.
description,
2.
application,
3.
procedures,
4.
example, if practical,
5.
advantages,
6.
limitations, and
7.
bibliography and/or references.
This toolbox is intended solely as
guidance for potential tools and methodologies, rather than direction or
instruction for specific technique selection or utilization. It is left to the user to determine which
technique(s), at which level of detail are applicable, and what might be the
expected “value added” for their purposes.
Caution should be exercised in the use of these tools and
methodologies. Use of the techniques for
the sake of “using techniques” is rarely resource-effective. In addition, while techniques have been
categorized for recommended areas of use, this is not intended to be
restrictive. Readers are encouraged to
question, comment (app. A) and, in general, use this reference as one source
among many. The reader is also cautioned
to validate results from a given tool to ensure accuracy and applicability to
the problem at hand.
NASA-FTA-1.1 Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications, August 2002. 218 Pages.
This
handbook is an update of the original Fault Tree Handbook published in
1981. It is written for the informed
reader who has some knowledge of system analysis and has knowledge of basic
mathematics. This handbook is intended
for system analysts, system engineers, and managers. No previous knowledge or training in statistics,
reliability, or risk analysis is assumed.
Basic concepts of statistical analysis, reliability analysis, and risk
analysis are presented in relevant chapters and in the appendices.
The
first part of the handbook describes the concepts, steps, tools, and uses of
fault tree analysis (FTA). FTA is a
deductive, failure-based approach. As a
deductive approach, FTA starts with an undesired event, such as failure of a
main engine, and then determines (deduces) its causes using a systematic,
backward-stepping process.
The
second part of the handbook contains examples of the application of FTA in
studies that have been previously performed.
The focus is on aerospace applications.
The examples include the rupture of a pressure tank (a classic FTA
example), failure to initiate and terminate thrust in a monopropellant
propulsion system, failure of a redundant container seal (design analysis), and
a dynamic FT analysis of a mission avionics system..
NASA-Metrology Metrology—Calibration and Measurement Processes Guidelines, June
1994. 330 Pages.
Methodologies
and techniques acceptable in fulfilling metrology, calibration, and measurement
process quality requirements for NASA programs are outlined in the
Publication. The intention of this
Publication is to aid NASA Engineers and systems contractors in the design,
implementation, and operation of metrology, calibration, and measurement
systems. It is also intended as a
resource to guide NASA personnel in the uniform evaluation of such systems
supplied or operated by contractors.
NASA-PRA-1.1 Probabilistic Risk Assessment Procedures Guide for NASA Managers and
Practitioners, August 2002. 323
Pages.
The
Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) Procedures Guide is neither a textbook nor
a sourcebook of PRA methods and techniques for the subject matter. It is the recommended approach and
procedures, based on the experience of the authors, of how PRA should be
performed for aerospace applications. It
therefore serves tow purposes:
1.
To complement the training material taught
in the PRA course for practitioners and, together with the Fault Tree Handbook, to provide PRA methodology documentation.
2.
To assist aerospace PRA practitioners in
selecting and analysis approach that is best suited for their applications.
The material of this Procedures Guide is
organized into three parts:
1.
A management introduction to PRA is
presented in Chapters 1-3. After a
historic introduction on PRA at NASA and a discussion of the relation between
PRA and risk management, an overview of PRA with simple examples is presented.
2.
Chapters 4-14 cover probabilistic methods
for PRA, methods for scenario development, uncertainty analysis, data
collection and parameter estimation, human reliability analysis, software
reliability analysis, dependent failure analysis, and modeling of physical
processes for PRA.
3.
Chapter 15 provides a detailed discussion
of the “scenario-based” PRA process using two aerospace examples.
The only departure of this Procedures Guide
from the description of Experience-based recommended approaches is in the areas
of Human Reliability (Chapter 9) and Software risk Assessment (Chapter
11). Analytical methods in these two
areas are not mature enough, at least in aerospace applications. Therefore, instead of recommended approaches,
these chapters describe some popular methods for the sake of completeness. It is the hope of the authors that in future
editions it will be possible to provide recommended approaches in these two
areas also.
NASA-RCM Reliability Centered Maintenance Guide For Facilities And Collateral
Equipment, February 2002. 356 Pages.
NASA-RP-1253 Reliability Training, June 2000. 366 Pages.
The theme of this manual is failure
physics—the study of how products, hardware, software, and systems fail and
what can be done about it. The intent is
to impart useful information, to extend the limits of production capability,
and to assist in achieving low-cost reliable products. In a broader sense the manual should do
more. It should underscore the urgent
need for mature attitudes toward reliability.
Five of the chapters were originally presented as a classroom course to
over 1000 Martin Marietta engineers and technicians. Another four chapters and three appendixes
have been added. We begin with a view of
reliability from the years 1940 to 2000. Chapter 2 starts the training material with a
review of mathematics and a description of what elements contribute to product
failures. The remaining chapter
elucidates basic reliability theory and the disciplines that allow us to
control and eliminate failures.
NASA-SP-576 NASA Risk-Informed Handbook, April 2010,
128 pages.
The
purpose of this handbook is to provide guidance for implementing the risk-informed decision making (RIDM)
requirements of NASA Procedural Requirements (NPR) document NPR 8000.4A, Agency
Risk Management Procedural Requirements, with a specific focus on programs and
projects in the Formulation phase, and applying to each level of the NASA organizational
hierarchy as requirements flow down. Appendix A provides a cross-reference between
the RIDM-related requirements in NPR 8000.4A and the sections of this handbook
for which guidance is provided.
This
handbook supports RIDM application within the NASA systems engineering process,
and is a complement to the guidance contained in NASA/SP-2007-6105, NASA
Systems Engineering Handbook. Figure 1
shows where the specific processes from the discipline-oriented NPR 7123.1,
NASA Systems Engineering Process and Requirements, and NPR 8000.4 intersect with
product-oriented NPRs, such as NPR 7120.5D, NASA Space Flight Program and
Project Management Requirements; NPR 7120.7, NASA Information Technology and
Institutional Infrastructure Program and Project Management Requirements; and
NPR 7120.8, NASA Research and Technology Program and Project Management
Requirements. In much the same way that the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook
is intended to provide guidance on the specific systems engineering processes
established by NPR 7123.1, this handbook is intended to provide guidance on the
specific RIDM processes established by NPR 8000.4A.
This
handbook provides guidance for conducting risk-informed decision making in the
context of NASA risk management (RM), with a focus on the types of
direction-setting key decisions that are characteristic of the NASA program and
project life cycles, and which produce derived requirements in accordance with
existing systems engineering practices that flow down through the NASA
organizational hierarchy. The guidance in this handbook is not meant to be prescriptive.
Instead, it is meant to be general enough, and contain a sufficient diversity
of examples, to enable the reader to adapt the methods as needed to the
particular decision problems that he or she faces. The handbook highlights
major issues to consider when making decisions in the presence of potentially
significant uncertainty, so that the user is better able to recognize and avoid
pitfalls that might otherwise be experienced.
NASA-SP-610S NASA Systems Engineering Handbook, June 1995, 149 Pages.
This
handbook is intended to provide information on systems engineering that will be
useful to NASA system engineers, especially new ones. Its primary objective is to provide a generic
description of systems engineering as it should
be applied throughout NASA. Field
centers’ handbooks re encouraged to provide center-specific details of
implementation.
For
NASA system engineers to choose to keep a copy of this handbook at their
elbows, it must provide answers that cannot be easily found elsewhere. Consequently, it provides NASA-relevant
perspectives and NASA-particular data.
NASA management instructions (NMIs) are referenced when applicable.
This
handbook’s secondary objective is to serve as a useful companion to all of the
various courses in systems engineering that are being offered under NASA’s
auspices.
NASA-SP-8053 Nuclear
and Space Radiation Effects on Materials, June 1970, 48 Pages
Space vehicles are subject to
bombardment by nuclear particles and electromagnetic rations from both external
and onboard sources. During some missions,
radiation exposure may be sufficient to degrade the critical properties of
structural materials and jeopardize flightworthiness of the spacecraft.
This monograph is concerned
with the identification of the significant property changes induced in structural
materials by radiation from the nuclear reactor, the isotope power source, and
from space, and the exposure levels at which ehese effects become
important. Structural materials are
defined as those that provide fundamental load-carrying capability or
protection against the natural space environment while satisfying a functional
requirement (e.g., viewing port of astronaut).
Material properties affected by radiation are discussed in three
categories in this monograph. These are:
1. Mechanical: Tensile strength, elasticity,
elongation, impact properties, fatigue strength, hardness, shear strength, and
dimensional stability.
2. Thermal:
Thermal conductivity and stored energy.
3. Optical: Emissivity, absorptance, and
reflectance.
NASA-SP-8054 Space Radiation Protection, June 1970, 50 Pages
Space vehicles are subjected
to a variety of penetrating energetic rations present in space that generally have
adverse effects on vehicle materials, components, or occupants, and these may
require some form of radiation protection.
Adverse effects manifest themselves in the form of changes in properties
of materials or components which impair their function, or they are
physiological changes in vehicle occupants which impair their function or
compromise their well-being. If
insufficient radiation protection is provided, these effects can result in
mission failure or permanent injury to vehicle occupants, or both.
The purpose of this monograph
is to establish criteria and procedures for determining doses caused by
penetrating space radiation and for the design of appropriate protection for
space vehicles. The objective is to avoid
exceeding specified allowable levels of radiation does and/or dose rate for the
duration of the mission. The approach is
first to calculate the doses received by each radiation-sensitive item,
considering the protection inherent in the vehicle structure and contents, and
the space radiation environment encountered during the mission. If any doses exceed allowable limits, then
the design of shielding is implemented to reduce the doses to meet the
specifications, unless the adjustment of mission parameters or system design
(or specifications) can eliminate the necessity.
The prevailing types and
sources of penetrating space radiation are:
1. Solar cosmic rays, consisting chiefly of
protons, with some alpha particles (helium nuclei) ejected sporadically from
the sun during some solar-flare events.
2. Magnetically trapped protons and electrons in
the vicinity of the earth and other planets.
3. Galactic cosmic rays, consisting of a
continuous flux of protons and comparatively fewer heavier nuclei.
NASA-STD-8729.1 Planning, Developing And Managing An Effective Reliability And
Maintainability (R&M) Program, December 1998, 77 Pages
This
technical standard for reliability and maintainability (R&M) provides
guidance to customers (or purchasers) and suppliers (or contractors) on R&M
requirements development, design implementation, and evaluation. It has been developed to provide a centralized
source of information for establishing R&M performance-based requirements,
design factors, and metrics for use on all new NASA programs/projects and
contracts. It addresses the challenge of
managing mission risk in the development and operation of cost and time
constrained flight programs/projects and other NASA assets.
This
document is intended as a guide to current techniques to identify and meet
customer product performance expectations.
It is structured to reflect the requirements of NPG 7120.5A “NASA
Program and Project Management Processes and Requirements” and the programmatic
policy of NPD 8720.1 “NASA Reliability and Maintainability Program Policy” as
they relate to the R&M disciplines in the Formulation, approval,
Implementation, and Evaluation sub processes of NASA programs/projects. It replaces previous NASA handbooks which
were derived from military standards and which mandated general reliability and
maintainability requirements for NASA programs/projects. This movement away from rigid standards and
toward flexible guidelines reflects government’s increased willingness to
accept mature, controlled commercial practices and seek industry solutions in
the development of civil and military systems.
This guidance is intended to assist engineering managers in achieving
the following R*M objectives throughout the life cycle of NASA in-house and
contracted activities:
·
Provide realistic R&M requirements for
system development specifications and requirements documents.
·
Allow for early and continuing attention to
R&M principles during system design.
·
Achieve system reliability and
maintainability as defined by the mission objectives.
·
Control system life cycle cost by
addressing operations and maintenance support costs drivers during system
design.
·
Measure, report and assess R&M
performance through the system life cycle.
·
Maintain a comprehensive and readily
accessible database of success and failure data for use in prediction, problem
trending, and assessment of progress toward system success goals through the
system’s life cycle as well as for establishment of R&M performance
requirements for follow-on or new programs/projects.
·
Emphasize continuous R&M improvement in
each successive generation of the system and its elements.
NASA-TM-4322 NASA
Reliability Preferred Practices for Design and Test, September 1991. 89 Pages.
This manual is produced to
communicate within the aerospace community design practices that have
contributed to NASA mission success. The
information presented has been collected from various NASA field centers and
reviewed by a committee consisting of senior technical representatives from the
participating centers.
The information presented in this
manual represents the “best technical advice” that NASA has to offer on
reliability design and test practices.
The practices contained in this manual should not be interpreted as
requirements but rather as proven technical approaches that can enhance system
reliability. Application of the
practices and guidelines is strongly encouraged, but the final decision
regarding applicability resides with the particular program or project office.
The manual is divided into two
technical sections. Section II contains
reliability practices, including design criteria, test procedures, or
analytical techniques that have been successfully applied on previous space
flight programs. Section III contains
reliability guidelines, including techniques currently applied to space flight
projects, where insufficient information exists to certify that the technique
will contribute to mission success.
NASA-TM-4628
Recommended
Techniques for Effective Maintainability, December 1994. 120 Pages.
Maintainability is a process for
assuring the ease by which a system can be restored to operation following a
failure. Designing and operating cost
effective, maintainable systems (both on-orbit and on the ground) as become a
necessity within NASA. In addition, NASA
cannot afford to lose public support by designing less than successful
projects. In this era of shrinking
budgets, the temptation to reduce up front cost rather than consider total
program life cycle costs should be avoided.
In the past, relation of R&M requirements to reduce up front costs
has resulted in end-items that did not perform as advertised and could not be
properly maintained in a cost effective manner.
Additional costs result when attempts are made late in the design phase
to correct for the early relaxation of requirements.
The purpose of this manual is to present a series of
recommended techniques that can increase overall operation effectiveness of
both flight- and ground-based NASA systems.
Although each technique contains useful information, none should be
interpreted as a requirement. The
objective is to provide a set of tools to minimize the risk associated with:
·
Restoring failed functions (both ground and flight based)
·
Conducting complex and highly visible maintenance operations
·
Sustaining a technical capability to support the NASA mission
utilizing aging equipment or facilities
This document provides:
1. program management
considerations – key elements of an effective maintainability effort;
2. design and
development considerations;
3. analysis and test
considerations – quantitative and qualitative analysis processes and testing
techniques; and
4. operations and
operational design considerations that address NASA field experience.
Updates will
include a section applicable to on-orbit maintenance with practical experience
from NASA EVA maintenance operations (including ground and on-orbit operations
and ground-based simulations). This
document is a valuable resource for continuous improvement ideas in executing
the systems development process in accordance with the NASA “better, faster,
smaller, and cheaper” goal without compromising mission safety.
NATO-AQAP-100 Policy On An Integrated Systems Approach To Quality Through The Life
Cycle, February 2002. 36 Pages.
The
activities of the Armed Forces in NATO are carried out as a result of a
political decision process, primarily in order to provide a defence service to
society in the member nations.
Collaboration between NARO and Partnership for Peace (PfP) partners is a
way of mitigating some of the cost of defence systems and providing a mutual
defence capability.
The
defence capability depends, to a great extent, on the quality of defence
systems containing integrated hardware, software, facilities, people, and
underlying processes. Quality is best
achieved though an integrated systems approach throughout the life cycle. This document provides information and
guidance on the NATO Policy for such an approach.
This
policy recognizes that quality management is a continuous process involving
multiple participants, including industry, that supports the development,
delivery and sustainment of military capability from concept to disposal. The overall aim is to acquire products that
fulfill the requirements seen in a life cycle perspective, to optimize internal
and external interfaces, and to develop good commercial relationships with
industry.
This
document should be used, as a part of the overall policy of an organization, to
ensure quality of life cycle processes, products and services. The document is not intended to be used as a
contractual document.
NATO-ARMP-1
NATO Requirements For Reliability And
Maintainability, June 2002. 21
Pages.
For
the purpose of this standard, all the reliability and maintainability
activities together constitute the
R&M programme.
SAE
Standard JA1000 fully applies for reliability and associated activities.
[The scope of
SAE JA1000: This SAE Standard establishes the requirement
for suppliers to plan a reliability program that satisfies the following three
requirements: a) the supplier shall
ascertain customer requirements, b) The supplier shall meet customer
requirements, c) The supplier shall assure that customer requirements have been
met. An implementation guide is also
available as SAE JA1000/1.]
SAE
Standard JA 1010 fully applies for Maintainability and associated
activities.
[The scope of
SAE JA1010: This SAE Standard establishes the requirement
for suppliers to plan a maintainability program that satisfies the following
three requirements: A) The supplier and customer shall reach agreement on
program requirements, b) The supplier shall meet customer requirements, c) The
supplier shall assure that customer requirements have been met. Applicability—This document applies to
activities related to the specification, design, development, and assurance of
any system (hardware and/or software) product or processes. Tailoring—This document does not specify the
activities, tasks or methods to be included in the program. Rather, the content of each program must be
tailored to satisfy customer requirements using the most appropriate
means. An implementation guide is also
avialbe as SAE JA1010/1.]
NATO-ARMP-4
Guidance For Writing NATO R&M
Requirements Documents, October 2001.
52 Pages.
In
order to achieve high operational effectiveness with low life cycle cost the
Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) of defence materiel should be given
full consideration at all stages of the procurement cycle. This process should begin at the concept
stage of the project and be continued, in a disciplined manner, as an integral
part of the design, development, production and testing process and
subsequently into service.
This
ARMP provides guidance on writing R&M requirement documents during the life
cycle of a project using the NATO Phased Armament Programming System (NATO
PAPS) as a framework.
This
document also contains the necessary information and advice to write
quantitative reliability and maintainability requirements, and availability and
risk requirements which are derived therefrom.
Realistic
R&M requirements should be stated properly and consistently in each
milestone of the NATO PAPS. The purpose
of this document is to:
a.
Describe the concepts and factors affecting
the formulation of R&M requirements to assist operational requirements
staff to define the basic R&M requirements, and the procurement agency to
convert these requirements into contractually agreed specifications.
b.
Describe a framework for the development of
the R&M content of each PAPS milestone.
NATO-ARMP-5E Guidance on Reliability
& Maintainability Training, February 1989. 29 Pages.
In
the most simple terms, people who require training in the theory and practice
of R&M are:
a)
those who are full-time and specialized
R&M practitioners, advisers or consultants
b)
those whose work involves them in decisions
or management processes concerned with R&M or brings them into contact with
specialized R&M practitioners
By its very
nature, specialized R&M knowledge is normally only acquired by attendance
at a second degree course or equivalent; such training will normally be
conducted only by Universities or comparable Institutions. The definition of such training is not an
appropriate subject for this publication and will not be considered
further. It remains only to be said that,
in the procurement of modern military equipment, the availability of specialized
R&M advice at this level is regarded as essential. Suitable trained and qualified specialist
must therefore be available and their advice sought at the earliest possible
date.
This
publication is addressed to the second category and its emphasized that
training at this level should cover the broadest possible field: purchasing and
procurement staff concerned with the procurement of NATO materiel, contractors
involved in design, development and production and also those responsible for
NATO material in-service.
NATO-ARMP-6E
Reliability And Maintainability Part 6:
In-Service R&M, December 1988.
24 Pages.
To
achieve and maintain R&M objectives defined during design, development and
production of defence materiel there may be a need to assess and where
necessary improve In-Service R&M.
Assessment
and where appropriate improvement of the In-Service R&M may be carried out
by various authorities – the original equipment contractor, the purchaser, the
military user, another contractor or any combination of these.
This
Part of the Defence Standard defines those measures which must be considered by
the sponsor, the Procurement Executive and the Contractor, when there is a need
for the preparation of an In-Service R&M Assessment Plan, within the
overall R&M plan for the specified defence materiel.
It
should be regarded as an expansion of Def Stan 00-04 (Part 1)/2 (ARMP-1) and
Def Stan 00-40 (Part 2)/1 (ARMP-2) Appendices A paragraph 325.
NATO-ARMP-7 NATO R&M Terminology Applicable To ARMPs, July 2001. 25 Pages.
This
glossary is complied by direction of the Group of National Directors for
Quality Assurance in accordance with Part 1 of AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms
& Definitions – Policy & Procedures for the NATO Terminology
Standardisation Programme. This glossary
is not exhaustive. It is not designed to
compete with any existing reliability and Maintainability (R&M) glossary of
terms, as it is only relevant to terms included in Allied Reliability and
Maintainability Publications (ARMPs) which are not explicitly defined in those
documents. In addition, where the terms
in this glossary differ from NATO-agreed terms, they are to be considered for
ARMP use only. Its purpose is to explain
specialist terms in the ARMPs, thereby promoting mutual understating.
The
use of ISO 8402-1994 and IEC-50(191) terms has been approved by the appropriate
organizations.
NATO-ARMP-8E
Reliability And Maintainability Part 8:
Procurement Of Off-The-Shelf Equipment, July 1992. 27 Pages.
This part of the Standard provides
guidance on the measures to be taken for achieving acceptable levels of R&M
in the procurement of Off-the-Shelf (OTS) [COTS] equipment.
NAVAIR-00-25-403 Management Manual,
Guidelines For The Naval Aviation Reliability-Centered Maintenance Process,
July 2005, 195 pages
This
manual is the primary guidance document for anyone tasked with implementing and
RCM program or performing an RCM analysis on Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR)
managed equipment. Other RCM documents
are available from NAVAIR.
NAVAIR-Instruction-4790.20A Reliability-Centered Maintenance Program, May 1999, 8 Pages
This
document defines the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) Reliability-Centered
Maintenance (RCM) Program and establish RCM Program policy, procedures, and
responsibilities with the Naval Aviation Systems Team (TEAM)
NAVAIR-RCM-VS-SAE-JA1011-Comparison, NAVAIR RCM Is Compliant With SAE JA1011, July 2004, 22 Pages
The
intent of this document is to demonstrate that the RCM process provided in
NAVAIR 00-25-403 is compliant with SAE JA1011.
NIST-HDBK-135
Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal
Energy Management Program, February 1996.
222 Pages.
Handbook 1235 is a guide to understanding
the life-cycle cost (LCC) methodology and criteria established by the Federal
Energy Management Program (FEMP) for the economic evaluation of energy and
water conservation projects and renewable energy projects in all federal
buildings. It expands on the life-cycle
cost methods and criteria contained in the FEMP rules published in 10 CFR 436,
Subpart A, which applies to all federal agencies. The purpose of this handbook is to facilitate
the implementation of the FEMP rules by explaining the LCCC method, defining
the measures of economic performance used, describing the assumptions and
procedures to follow in performing evaluations, giving examples, and noting
NIST computer software available for computation and reporting purposes. An annual supplement to Handbook 135, Energy
Price Indices and Discount Factors for LCC Analysis, NISTIR 85-3273-X is also
published by NIST to provide the current discount rate and discount factors
needed for conducting an LCC analysis in accordance with the FEMP rules. This annual supplement is required when using
Handbook 135.
NIST-HDBK-NISTIR-6806 Project-Oriented Life-Cycle Costing Workshop For Energy Conservation In
Buildings, September 2001. 341
Pages.
This student manual for the Project-Oriented Life-Cycle Costing
Workshop for Energy Conservation in Buildings is a workbook for a two-day
course on life-cycle costing developed by the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Federal Energy
Management Program (FEMP). The
methodology and procedures in this manual are consistent with 10 CFR Part 436A
and its amendments, which provide guidelines for the economic analysis of
investments in energy and water conservation and renewable energy projects for
federal buildings. These guidelines are
explained in detail in Life-Cycle Costing
Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program, handbook 135, 1995 edition. The methodology is also consistent with
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards on Building
Economics, in particular ASTM Standard Practices E917, E964, E1057, E1121, and
E1185.
NISTIR-327321 Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
– April 2010, May 2005. 81 Pages.
This
is the April 2010 edition of energy price indices and discount factors for
performing life-cycle cost analyses of
energy and water conservation and renewable energy projects in federal
facilities. It will be effective from
April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011. This
publication supports the federal life-cycle costing methodology described in
10CFR436A and Circular A-94 by updating the energy price projections and
discount factors that are described, explained, and illustrated in NIST
Handbook 135 (HB 135, Life-Cycle Costing
Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program).
NUREG-74/014 (WASH-1400) Reactor Safety Study: An Assessment of
Accident Risks in
This report is often referred to as WASH-1400 or the Rasmussen
Report [Professor Norman Rasmussen] which used probabilistic risk assessments
in the form of fault trees to demonstrate the risk of death to individuals was
very small and at an acceptable level compared to risk of other types of
accidents as shown in Table 6-3 reproduced below which shows:
TABLE
6-3 INDIVIDUAL RISK OF EARLY FATALITY
BY VARIOUS CAUSES
(U.S. Population Average 1969)
__________________________________________________________________
Approximate
Individual
Risk
Total Number Early
Fatality
Accident
Type for
1969 Probability/yr(a)
____________________________________________________________________
Motor Vehicle 55,791 3
x 10-4
Falls 17,827 9
x 10-5
Fires and
Hot Substance 7,451 4
x 10-5
Drowning 6,181 3
x 10-5
Poison 4,516 2
x 10-5
Firearms 2,309 1
x 10-5
Machinery
(1968) 2,054 1
x 10-5
Water Transport 1,743 9
x 10-6
Air Travel 1,778 9 x 10-6
Falling
Objects 1,271 6
x 10-6
Electrocution 1,148 6
x 10-6
Railway 884 4 x 10-6
Lightning 160 5 x 10-7
Tornadoes 118(b) 4 x 10-7
Hurricanes 90(c) 4 x 10-7
All Others 8,695 4 x 10-5
All
Accidents (from Table 6-1) 115,000 6 x 10-4
Nuclear
Accidents (100 reactors) - 2 x 10-10 (d)
(a)
Based on
total
(b)
(1953-1971
avg.)
(c)
(1901-1972
avg.)
(d)
Based on
a population at risk of 15 x 106.
NUREG-75/014 was superseded by NUREG-1150
described below for Severe Accident Risks.
Appendix
III & IV describe failure data (Appendix III) and common mode failures
with bounding techniques and special techniques (Appendix IV). It contains 170 pages and the file size is
8.5 Meg.
Appendix
V provides quantitative results of accident sequences. It contains 142 pages and the file size is
6.1 Meg.
Appendix
VI shows calculation of reactor accident consequences. It contains 500 pages and the file size is 23.7
Meg.
Appendix
VII through X describes release of radioactivity in reactor accidents
(Appendix VII). Physical processes in reactor meltdown accidents (Appendix
VIII), safety design rationale for nuclear power plants (Appendix IX), and
design adequacy (Appendix X). It
contains 682 pages and the file size is 32.9 Meg.
NUREG-0492 Fault Tree Handbook, January
1981. 209 Pages.
This
handbook has been developed not only to serve as text for the System Safety and
Reliability Course, but also to make available to others a set of otherwise
undocumented material on fault tree construction and evaluation. The publication of this handbook is in
accordance with the recommendations of the Risk Assessment Review Group Report
(NUREG/CR-0400) in which it was stated that the fault/event tree methodology
both can and should be used more widely by the NRC. It is hoped that this document will help to
codify and systematize the fault tree approach to system analysis.
The
principal concern of this book is the fault tree technique, which is a
systematic method for acquiring information about a system. The information so gained can be used in
making decisions, and therefore, before we even define system analysis, we will
undertake a brief examination of the decisionmaking [decision making]
process. Decisionmaking is a very
complex process, and we will highlight only certain aspects which help to pat a
system analysis in proper context.
NUREG-1150 Severe
Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five
This 1991 report from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission improves
on the probabilistic risk assessment of the Walsh-1400 report summarized in
NUREG-75 which is available in PDF format above. Report NUREG-1150 is less pessimistic, i.e.,
less concervative than NUREG-75/014 from the 1974/1975 period. NUREG-1150 shows the current generation of
nuclear plants for production of electricity exceeds the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission’s requirements for safety goals.
The
report is available in three volumes:
Volume 1 describes the Final Summary
Report. It has three parts:
Part
1 provides the background and objectives of the assessment and
summarizes methods used for risk studies.
It contains 59 pages and the file size is 3.6 Meg.
Part 2
provides a summary of results obtained for each of the five plants
studied. It contains 124 pages and the
file size is 6.2 Meg.
Part 3
provides perspectives on the results and discusses the role of this work in the
larger contest of the NRC. It contains
105 pages and the file size is 6.5 Meg.
Volume 2 describes Appendices A, B, and C of the Final Report
Appendix A
describes the risk methods used. It
contains 73 pages and the file size is 4.4 Meg.
Appendix B
shows examples of the risk calculations.
It contains 78 pages and the file size is 5.1 Meg.
Appendix C
describes issues important to quantification of risks. It contains 162 pages and the file size is
9.5 Meg.
Volume 3 describes Appendices D and E
of the Final Report
Appendix
D & E contains comments received about the report and staff
responses. Appendix D refers to the
first draft on February 1987, and Appendix E refers to the second version of
the report on June 1989. It contains 90
pages and the file size is 6.4 Meg.
NUREG-CR-2350 Sensitivity Analysis Techniques: Self-Teaching Curriculum, June
1982, 146 Pages
This
is a tutorial on Latin Hypercube
Sampling. This document provided a
solid foothold in the computer modeling world for Latin Hypercube Sampling to
speed completion of computer simulations by a factor of roughly 10. The complete file is 47 Meg.
Other
background details are available from Ron Iman’s website http://swtechcon.com/by_publication.shtml#CIS
particularly the 5-part series download from Communications in Statistics in 1980 and 1982 referring to “Small Sample Sensitivity Analysis Techniques
for Computer Models with an Application to Risk Assessment”, pages
1749-1842.
This
report contains discussions and exercises that illustrate the application of
the sensitivity analysis techniques developed at Sandia National Laboratories
for the Risk Methodology for Geologic Disposal of Radioactive Waste
Project. With this report the user may
familiarize himself with the application of the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS)
program and the Stepwise Regression (STEP) program with the groundwater
transport model NWFT/DVM to do sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. The user may require the User’s Guides for
LHS (Sand 79-1473), STEP (SAND 79-1472), and NWFT/DVM (NUREG/CR-2081) to make
full use of this self-teaching curriculum.
This report is one of a series of self-teaching curricula prepared under
a technology transfer contract for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards.
NUREG-CR-6753 Review of findings for Human Contribution to Risk
in Operating Events, August 2001, 107 Pages.
This report presents the findings of
a study of the contributions of human performance to risk in operating events
at commercial nuclear power plants. The Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC) Accident Sequence Precursor (ASP) Program and the
Human Performance Events Database (HPED) were used to identify safety
significant events in which human performance was a major contributor to risk.
Conditional core damage probabilities (CCDPs) were calculated for these events
using Systems Analysis Programs for Hands-on Integrated Reliability Evaluation
(SAPHIRE) software and Standardized Plant Analysis Risk (SPAR) models.
Forty-eight events described in licensee event reports and augmented inspection team reports were reviewed . Human performance did not play a role in 11 of the events, so they were excluded from the sample. The remaining 37 events were qualitatively analyzed. Twenty-three of these 37 events were also analyzed using SPAR models and methods. Fourteen events were excluded from the SPAR analyses because they involved operating modes or conditions outside the scope of the SPAR models.
The results showed that human performance contributed significantly to analyzed events. Two hundred and seventy human errors were identified in the events reviewed and multiple human errors were involved in every event. Latent errors (i.e., errors committed prior to the event whose effects are not discovered until an event occurs) were present four times more often than were active errors (i.e., those occurring during event response). The latent errors included failures to correct known problems and errors committed during design, maintenance, and operations activities. The results of this study indicate that multiple errors in events contribute to the probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) basic events present in SPAR models and that the underlying models of dependency in HRA may warrant further attention.
NUREG-CR-6823 Handbook of Parameter Estimation for
Probabilistic Risk Assessment, September 2003, Pages.
Cover to
Abbreviations, 23 Pages, 1.24 MB Chapter 7, 26 Pages, 1.94 MB
Chapters 1 - 2,
25 Pages, 1.89 MB Chapters 8 – 9,
31 Pages, 2.15 MB
Chapters 3 – 5,
31 Pages, 2.46 MB Appendices A – B, 41 Pages, 3.70 MB
Chapter 6, 84 Pages, 6.4 MB Appendices C – D, 33 Pages, 1.85 MB
Probabilistic
risk assessment (PRA) is a mature technology that can provide a quantitative
assessment of the risk from accidents in nuclear power plants. It involves the
development of models that delineate the response of systems and operators to
accident initiating events. Additional models are generated to identify the
component failure modes required to cause the accident mitigating systems to
fail. Each component failure mode is represented as an individual “basic event”
in the systems models. Estimates of risk are obtained by propagating the
uncertainty distributions for each of the parameters through the PRA models.
The data analysis portion of a nuclear power plant PRA provides estimates of the parameters used to determine the frequencies and probabilities of the various events modeled in a PRA. This handbook provides guidance on sources of information and methods for estimating the parameters used in PRA models and for quantifying the uncertainties in the estimates. This includes determination of both plant-specific and generic estimates for initiating event frequencies, component failure rates and unavailabilities, and equipment non-recovery probabilities.
TM 5-698-1 Reliability/Availability of Electrical & Mechanical Systems For Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Facilities, 154 March 2003. 101 pages
The purpose of this US Army technical manual is to provide facility manages with the information and procedures necessary to baseline the reliability and availability of their facilities, identify “weak links”, and to implement cost-effective means of improving reliability and availability.
The information in this manual reflects both the move to incorporate commercial practices and the lessons learned over many ears of acquiring weapon systems “by the book”. It specifically focuses on the availability of electrical and mechanical systems for command, control, communications, computer, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) facilities and the role reliability plays in determining availability. The manual, in the spirit of the new policies regarding acquisition, describes the objectives of a sound strategy and the tools available to meet these objectives.
TM 5-698-2 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) For Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, And Reconnaissance Facilities, 6 October 2006. 96 pages
The purpose of this US Army technical manual is to provide facility managers with the information and procedures necessary to develop and update a preventive maintenance (PM) program for their facilities that is based on the reliability characteristics of equipment and components and cost. Such a PM program will help to achieve the highest possible level of facility availability at the minimum cost.
The information in this manual reflects the commercial practices and lessons learned over many years of developing cost-effective preventive maintenance programs for a wide variety of systems and equipment. It specifically focuses on developing PM programs for electrical and mechanical systems used in facilities based on the reliability characteristics of those systems and economic considerations, while ensuring that safety is not compromised. The process for developing such a PM program is called reliability-Centered Maintenance, or RCM. Two appendices develop key topics more deeply: appendix B, statistical distribution; and appendix C, availability.
TM 5-698-3 Reliability Primer For Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, And Reconnaissance Facilities, 10 July 2003. 51 pages
The purpose of this US Army technical manual is to provide a basic introduction to and overview of the subject of reliability. It is particularly written for personnel involved with the acquisition and support of Command, Control, Communication, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) equipment.
The information in this manual reflects the theoretical and practical aspects of the reliability discipline. It includes information from commercial practices and lessons learned over many years of developing and implementing reliability programs for a wide variety of systems and equipment. Although some theory is presented, it is purposely limited and kept as simple as possible.
TM 5-698-4 Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) For Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, And Reconnaissance Facilities, 29 September 2006. 75 pages
The purpose of this US Army technical manual is to guide facility mangers through the Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) process, directing them how to apply this type of analysis to a command, control, communications, computer, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) facility. . It is particularly written for personnel involved with the acquisition and support of Command, Control, Communication, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) equipment. These facilities incorporate several redundant systems used to achieve extremely high availability that requires specialized tools, which are described in this manual, to conduct an accurate analysis.
The information in this manual will provide the facility manager the necessary tools needed to conduct a realistic approach to establish a relative ranking of equipments’ effects on the overall system. The methods used in this manual have been developed using existing concepts from various areas. These methods include an easy to use evaluation method to address redundancy’s affect on failure rates and probability of occurrence. Because a C4ISR facility utilizes numerous redundant systems this method is very useful for conducting a FMECA of a C4ISR facility. Examples will be provided to illustrate how this can be accomplished by quantitative (with data) or qualitative means (without data). Although heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are used as examples, the FMECA process can be applied to any electrical or mechanical system.
TM 5-698-5 Survey Of Reliability And Availability Information For Power Distribution, Power Generation, And Heating, Ventilating & Air Conditioning (HVAC) Components For Commercial, Industrial, And Utility Installations, 22 September 2006. 38 pages
The purpose of this US Army technical manual is to explain the process of how the reliability data in appendix B of this manual regarding power generation, power distribution and Heating Ventilation and Air Condition (HVAC) components was developed. This manual is intended to summarize the entire process of obtaining the reliability metrics of the pre-described components and what types of facilities provided the data so that the facility engineer can understand the foundation behind the reliability metrics. Upon reading this document the facility engineer should be able to make a more knowledgeable assessment for applications of the data to support government, commercial, industrial and utility installations.
The information in this manual reflects the efforts of extensive hours of research and analysis, along with the cooperation and time of numerous facilities, in order to ascertain reliability characteristics of power generation, power distribution and HVAC components. This effort was sponsored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Power reliability Enhancement Program (PREP) in order to establish reliability, availability, and maintainability characteristics of over 200 components related to command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) facilities. This manual describes the data collection and summarization of all of over 200 components. Collection of the data began in October 1991 and the final report was delivered in early 1994.
TM 5-698-6 Reliability Data Collection Manual For Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, And Reconnaissance Facilities, 27 October 2006. 118 pages
This U.S. Army training manual provides guidance to facilities engineers responsible for site utility systems at command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) facilities. This manual describes a level of data collection activities which should be performed on control, power generation and distribution, and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment for the preparation of reliability studies for operational readiness.
The
information in this document will describe the required information necessary
to determine the reliability and availability of a component. Explanations and descriptions of the
different metrics are also covered as well as the preferred methods. Data collection listings are also provided
for various pieces of equipment to aid the data collection process. Gathering the correct information is the most
vital aspect of determining accurate availability and reliability values of
components.
UK-DefStan00-43-Part1-Issue1 Reliability
And Maintainability Assurance Activity Part 1: In-Service Reliability Demonstrations,
January 1993. 44 Pages.
Defence
Standard 00-43, Parts 1 and 2 describe two types of demonstration:
a)
in-Service reliability demonstrations
(ISRDs);
b)
maintainability demonstrations(MDs).
ISRDs are covered in Part 1 and MDs in Part
2. Par 1 covers the purpose, rationale
and procedures for ISRDs. Part 2 covers
maintainability demonstrations, some of which may occur before the equipment is
accepted into Service.
The sections
in the Part of the Defence Standard describe the purpose, rationale and procedures
for in-Service reliability demonstrations (ISRDs). The purpose of an ISRD is to demonstrate
compliance with specified reliability requirements of an equipment or
system. An ISRD is a final test to
provide motivation and incentive to the contractor to ensure that the
reliability programme is vigorously pursued.
It supplements rather than replaces other activities in the reliability
programme. However, an ISRD will not be
appropriate for the purchase of every system, platform or equipment. Experience from completed ISRDs has shown the
need for detailed guidance for both MOD [Ministry of Defence] and industry.
UK-DefStan00-44-Part2-Issue1 Reliability And Maintainability Data Collection And Classification Part
2: Data Classification And Incident Sentencing - General, April 1994. 13 Pages.
This
Standard describes MOD [Ministry of Defence] practices and procedures for
Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) data collection and classification in
the three Services.
In
the procurement and Service use of Defence equipment emphasis is placed on the
specification and achievement of optimum R&M in order to realize better
availability and reduced life cycle costs.
An important element in procurement programmes and Service use is the
assessment of achieved R&M; both to monitor progress, and for contractual
purposes.
Equipment
are rarely used in isolation, and its is often necessary to directly compare,
or use, data from more than one equipment and/or source. Consequently, it is desirable that a common
method of data classification is used.
Of equal importance is the need to use a viable system that can be
contractually enforced.
Data
classification is the process by which incident data are sorted into different
categories, (eg cause, significance, maintenance requirement, etc) and
applicable to the R&M parameters being assessed. This is achieved by first sentencing the raw
incident data according to formal rules and then sorting the sentenced incident
data into the required classifications.
Incident sentencing is a sub-activity of data classification and both
are described in the Part of the Standard.
This
Part of the Standard describes, in general, the common aspects of data
classification and incident sentencing to be used within the MOD and on MOD
contracts.
Information on other reliability standards
from IEC are available on this site.
Finally an excellent summary of
reliability documents (110 pages) from the Final Report: The Collection And Categorisation Of Worldwide Standards
Relevant To The Use Of Programmable Electronic Systems In Safety Related
Applications, by members of The European Workshop ON Industrial Computer
Systems, Technical Committee No 7 concerning Reliability, Safety & Security
provides more details on specifications from many sources.
Return to
Barringer & Associates, Inc. homepage